弘一大師講演錄




◎佛法學習初步

戊寅十月八日在安海金墩宗祠講



佛法宗派大概,前已略說。



或謂高深教義,難解難行,非利根上智不能承受。若我輩常人欲學習佛法者,未知有何法門,能使人人易解,人人易行,毫無困難,速獲實益耶?



案佛法寬廣,有淺有深。故古代諸師,皆判「教相」以區別之。依唐圭峰禪師所撰華嚴原人論中,判立五教:



一、人天教

二、小乘教

三、大乘法相教

四、大乘破相教

五、一乘顯性教



以此五教,分別淺深。若我輩常人易解易行者,唯有「人天教」也。其他四教,義理高深,甚難瞭解。即能瞭解,亦難實行。故欲普及社會,又可補助世法,以挽救世道人心,應以「人天教」最為合宜也。



人天教由何而立耶?



常人醉生夢死,謂富貴貧賤吉凶禍福皆由命定,不解因果報應。或有解因果報應者,亦唯知今生之現報而已。若如是者,現生有惡人富而善人貧,惡人壽而善人夭,惡人多子孫而善人絕嗣,是何故歟?因是佛為此輩人,說三世業報,善惡因果,即是人天教也。今就三世業報及善惡因果分為二章詳述之。



一、三世業報



三世業報者,現報、生報、後報也。



一、現報:今生作善惡,今生受報。

二、生報:今生作善惡,次一生受報。

三、後報:今生作善惡,次二三生乃至未來多生受報。



由是而觀,則惡人富、善人貧等,決不足怪。吾人唯應力行善業,即使今生不獲良好之果報來生再來生等必能得之。萬勿因行善而反遇逆境,遂妄謂行善無有果報也。



二、善惡因果



善惡因果者,惡業、善業、不動業此三者是其因,果報有六,即六道也。



惡業善業,其數甚多,約而言之,各有十種,如下所述。不動業者,即修習上品十善,復能深修禪定也。



今以三因六果列表如下:





一、惡業





二、善業





三、不動業


┌上品……地獄

┼中品……畜生

└下品……鬼

┌下品……阿修羅

┼中品……人

└上品……欲界天

┌次品……色界天



└上品……無色界天
───┐

───┤

───┤

───┼六道

───┤

┬天─┘










今復舉惡業、善業別述如下:



惡業有十種。



一、殺生

二、偷盜

三、邪淫

四、妄言

五、兩舌

六、惡口

七、綺語

八、慳貪

九、瞋恚

十、邪見



造惡業者,因其造業重輕,而墮地獄、畜生、鬼道之中。受報既盡,幸生人中,猶有餘報。今依華嚴經所載者,錄之如下。若諸「論」中,尚列外境多種,今不別錄。



一、殺生……短命、多病

二、偷盜……貧窮、其財不得自在

三、邪淫……妻不貞良、不得隨意眷屬

四、妄言……多被誹謗、為他所誑

五、兩舌……眷屬乖離、親族弊惡

六、惡口……常聞惡聲、言多諍訟

七、綺語……言無人受、語不明了

八、慳貪……心不知足、多欲無厭

九、瞋恚……常被他人求其長短、恒被於他之所惱害

十、邪見……生邪見家、其心諂曲



善業有十種。下列不殺生等,止惡即名為善。復依此而起十種行善,即救護生命等也。



一、不殺生:救護生命

二、不偷盜:給施資財

三、不邪淫:遵修梵行

四、不妄言:說誠實言

五、不兩舌:和合彼此

六、不惡口:善言安慰

七、不綺語:作利益語

八、不慳貪:常懷捨心

九、不瞋恚:恒生慈憫

十、不邪見:正信因果



造善業者,因其造業輕重而生於阿修羅人道欲界天中。所感之餘報,與上所列惡業之餘報相反。如不殺生則長壽無病等類推可知。



由是觀之,吾人欲得諸事順遂,身心安樂之果報者,應先力修善業,以種善因。若唯一心求好果報,而決不肯種少許善因,是為大誤。譬如農夫,欲得米穀,而不種田,人皆知其為愚也。



故吾人欲諸事順遂,身心安樂者,須努力培植善因。將來或遲或早,必得良好之果報。古人云:「禍福無不自己求之者」,即是此意也。



以上所說,乃人天教之大義。



唯修人天教者,雖較易行,然報限人天,非是出世。故古今諸大善知識,盡力提倡「淨土法門」,即前所說之佛法宗派大概中之「淨土宗」。令無論習何教者,皆兼學此「淨土法門」,即能獲得最大之利益。「淨土法門」雖隨宜判為「一乘圓教」,但深者見深,淺者見淺,即唯修人天教者亦可兼學,所謂「三根普被」也。



在此講說三日已竟。以此功德,惟願世界安寧,眾生歡樂,佛日增輝,法輪常轉。



◎佛教之簡易修持法

己卯四月十六日在永春桃源殿講李芳遠記



我到永春的因緣,最初發起,在三年之前。性願老法師常常勸我到此地來,又常提起普濟寺是如何如何的好。



兩年以前的春天,我在南普陀講律圓滿以後,妙慧師便到廈門請我到此地來。那時因為學律的人要隨行的太多,而普濟寺中設備未廣,不能夠收容,不得已而中止。是為第一次欲來未果。



是年的冬天,有位善興師,他持著永春諸善友一張請帖,到廈門萬石岩去,要接我來永春。那時因為已先應了泉州草庵之請,故不能來永春。是為第二次欲來未果。



去年的冬天,妙慧師再到草庵來接。本想隨請前來,不意過泉州時,又承諸善友挽留,不得已而延期至今春。是為第三次欲來未果。



直至今年半個月以前,妙慧師又到泉州勸請,是為第四次。因大眾既然有如此的盛意,故不得不來。其時在泉州各地講經,很是忙碌,因此又延擱了半個多月。今得來到貴處,和諸位善友相見,我心中非常的歡喜。自三年前就想到此地來,屢次受了事情所阻,現在得來,滿其多年的夙願,更可說是十分的歡喜了。



今天承諸位善友請我演講。我以為談玄說妙,雖然極為高尚,但於現在行持終覺了不相涉。所以今天我所講的,且就常人現在即能實行的,約略說之。



因為專尚談玄說妙,譬如那饑餓的人,來研究食譜,雖山珍海錯之名,縱橫滿紙,如何能夠充饑。倒不如現在得到幾種普通的食品,即可入口。得充一飽,才於實事有濟。



以下所講的,分為三段。



一、深信因果



因果之法,雖為佛法入門的初步,但是非常的重要,無論何人皆須深信。何謂因果?因者好比種子,下在田中,將來可以長成為果實。果者譬如果實,自種子發芽,漸漸地開花結果。



我們一生所作所為,有善有惡,將來報應不出下列:



桃李種 長成為桃李——作善報善



荊棘種 長成為荊棘——作惡報惡



所以我們要避凶得吉,消災得福,必須要厚植善因,努力改過遷善,將來才能夠獲得吉祥福德之好果。如果常作惡因,而要想免除凶禍災難,哪里能夠得到呢?



所以第一要勸大眾深信因果了知善惡報應,一絲一毫也不會差的。



二、發菩提心



「菩提」二字是印度的梵語,翻譯為「覺」,也就是成佛的意思。發者,是發起,故發菩提心者,便是發起成佛的心。為什麼要成佛呢?為利益一切眾生。須如何修持乃能成佛呢?須廣修一切善行。以上所說的,要廣修一切善行,利益一切眾生,但須如何才能夠徹底呢?須不著我相。所以發菩提心的人,應發以下之三種心:



一、大智心:不著我相 此心雖非凡夫所能發,亦應隨分觀察。

二、大願心:廣修善行。

三、大悲心:救眾生苦。

What is Mindfulness?

Source: http://www.budsas.org/ebud/mfneng/mind13.htm


Mindfulness In Plain English

H. Gunaratana Mahathera


Chapter 13

Mindfulness (Sati)


Mindfulness is the English translation of the Pali word Sati. Sati is an activity. What exactly is that? There can be no precise answer, at least not in words. Words are devised by the symbolic levels of the mind and they describe those realities with which symbolic thinking deals. Mindfulness is pre-symbolic. It is not shackled to logic. Nevertheless, Mindfulness can be experienced -- rather easily -- and it can be described, as long as you keep in mind that the words are only fingers pointing at the moon. They are not the thing itself. The actual experience lies beyond the words and above the symbols. Mindfulness could be describes in completely different terms than will be used here and each description could still be correct.

Mindfulness is a subtle process that you are using at this very moment. The fact that this process lies above and beyond words does not make it unreal--quite the reverse. Mindfulness is the reality which gives rise to words--the words that follow are simply pale shadows of reality. So, it is important to understand that everything that follows here is analogy. It is not going to make perfect sense. It will always remain beyond verbal logic. But you can experience it. The meditation technique called Vipassana (insight) that was introduced by the Buddha about twenty-five centuries ago is a set of mental activities specifically aimed at experiencing a state of uninterrupted Mindfulness.

When you first become aware of something, there is a fleeting instant of pure awareness just before you conceptualize the thing, before you identify it. That is a stage of Mindfulness. Ordinarily, this stage is very short. It is that flashing split second just as you focus your eyes on the thing, just as you focus your mind on the thing, just before you objectify it, clamp down on it mentally and segregate it from the rest of existence. It takes place just before you start thinking about it--before your mind says, "Oh, it's a dog." That flowing, soft-focused moment of pure awareness is Mindfulness. In that brief flashing mind-moment you experience a thing as an un-thing. You experience a softly flowing moment of pure experience that is interlocked with the rest of reality, not separate from it. Mindfulness is very much like what you see with your peripheral vision as opposed to the hard focus of normal or central vision. Yet this moment of soft, unfocused, awareness contains a very deep sort of knowing that is lost as soon as you focus your mind and objectify the object into a thing. In the process of ordinary perception, the Mindfulness step is so fleeting as to be unobservable. We have developed the habit of squandering our attention on all the remaining steps, focusing on the perception, recognizing the perception, labeling it, and most of all, getting involved in a long string of symbolic thought about it. That original moment of Mindfulness is rapidly passed over. It is the purpose of the above mentioned Vipassana (or insight) meditation to train us to prolong that moment of awareness.

When this Mindfulness is prolonged by using proper techniques, you find that this experience is profound and it changes your entire view of the universe. This state of perception has to be learned, however, and it takes regular practice. Once you learn the technique, you will find that Mindfulness has many interesting aspects.

The Characteristics of Mindfulness

Mindfulness is mirror-thought. It reflects only what is presently happening and in exactly the way it is happening. There are no biases.

Mindfulness is non-judgmental observation. It is that ability of the mind to observe without criticism. With this ability, one sees things without condemnation or judgment. One is surprised by nothing. One simply takes a balanced interest in things exactly as they are in their natural states. One does not decide and does not judge. One just observes. Please note that when we say "One does not decide and does not judge," what we mean is that the meditator observes experiences very much like a scientist observing an object under the microscope without any preconceived notions, only to see the object exactly as it is. In the same way the meditator notices impermanence, unsatisfactoriness and selflessness.

It is psychologically impossible for us to objectively observe what is going on within us if we do not at the same time accept the occurrence of our various states of mind. This is especially true with unpleasant states of mind. In order to observe our own fear, we must accept the fact that we are afraid. We can't examine our own depression without accepting it fully. The same is true for irritation and agitation, frustration and all those other uncomfortable emotional states. You can't examine something fully if you are busy reflecting its existence. Whatever experience we may be having, Mindfulness just accepts it. It is simply another of life's occurrences, just another thing to be aware of. No pride, no shame, nothing personal at stake--what is there, is there.

Mindfulness is an impartial watchfulness. It does not take sides. It does not get hung up in what is perceived. It just perceives. Mindfulness does not get infatuated with the good mental states. It does not try to sidestep the bad mental states. There is no clinging to the pleasant, no fleeing from the unpleasant. Mindfulness sees all experiences as equal, all thoughts as equal, all feelings as equal. Nothing is suppressed. Nothing is repressed. Mindfulness does not play favorites.

Mindfulness is nonconceptual awareness. Another English term for Sati is 'bare attention'. It is not thinking. It does not get involved with thought or concepts. It does not get hung up on ideas or opinions or memories. It just looks. Mindfulness registers experiences, but it does not compare them. It does not label them or categorize them. It just observes everything as if it was occurring for the first time. It is not analysis which is based on reflection and memory. It is, rather, the direct and immediate experiencing of whatever is happening, without the medium of thought. It comes before thought in the perceptual process.

Mindfulness is present time awareness. It takes place in the here and now. It is the observance of what is happening right now, in the present moment. It stays forever in the present, surging perpetually on the crest of the ongoing wave of passing time. If you are remembering your second-grade teacher, that is memory. When you then become aware that you are remembering your second-grade teacher, that is mindfulness. If you then conceptualize the process and say to yourself, "Oh, I am remembering", that is thinking.

Mindfulness is non-egoistic alertness. It takes place without reference to self. With Mindfulness one sees all phenomena without references to concepts like 'me', 'my' or 'mine'. For example, suppose there is pain in your left leg. Ordinary consciousness would say, "I have a pain." Using Mindfulness, one would simply note the sensation as a sensation. One would not tack on that extra concept 'I'. Mindfulness stops one from adding anything to perception, or subtracting anything from it. One does not enhance anything. One does not emphasize anything. One just observes exactly what is there--without distortion.

Mindfulness is goal-less awareness. In Mindfulness, one does not strain for results. One does not try to accomplish anything. When one is mindful, one experiences reality in the present moment in whatever form it takes. There is nothing to be achieved. There is only observation.

Mindfulness is awareness of change. It is observing the passing flow of experience. It is watching things as they are changing. it is seeing the birth, growth, and maturity of all phenomena. It is watching phenomena decay and die. Mindfulness is watching things moment by moment, continuously. It is observing all phenomena--physical, mental or emotional--whatever is presently taking place in the mind. One just sits back and watches the show. Mindfulness is the observance of the basic nature of each passing phenomenon. It is watching the thing arising and passing away. It is seeing how that thing makes us feel and how we react to it. It is observing how it affects others. In Mindfulness, one is an unbiased observer whose sole job is to keep track of the constantly passing show of the universe within. Please note that last point. In Mindfulness, one watches the universe within. The meditator who is developing Mindfulness is not concerned with the external universe. It is there, but in meditation, one's field of study is one's own experience, one's thoughts, one's feelings, and one's perceptions. In meditation, one is one's own laboratory. The universe within has an enormous fund of information containing the reflection of the external world and much more. An examination of this material leads to total freedom.

Mindfulness is participatory observation. The meditator is both participant and observer at one and the same time. If one watches one's emotions or physical sensations, one is feeling them at that very same moment. Mindfulness is not an intellectual awareness. It is just awareness. The mirror-thought metaphor breaks down here. Mindfulness is objective, but it is not cold or unfeeling. It is the wakeful experience of life, an alert participation in the ongoing process of living.

Mindfulness is an extremely difficult concept to define in words -- not because it is complex, but because it is too simple and open. The same problem crops up in every area of human experience. The most basic concept is always the most difficult to pin down. Look at a dictionary and you will see a clear example. Long words generally have concise definitions, but for short basic words like 'the' and 'is', definitions can be a page long. And in physics, the most difficult functions to describe are the most basic--those that deal with the most fundamental realities of quantum mechanics. Mindfulness is a pre-symbolic function. You can play with word symbols all day long and you will never pin it down completely. We can never fully express what it is. However, we can say what it does.

Three Fundamental Activities

There are three fundamental activities of Mindfulness. We can use these activities as functional definitions of the term: (a) Mindfulness reminds us of what we are supposed to be doing; (b) it sees things as they really are; and (c) it sees the deep nature of all phenomena. Let's examine these definitions in greater detail.

(a) Mindfulness reminds you of what you are supposed to be doing . In meditation, you put your attention on one item. When your mind wanders from this focus, it is Mindfulness that reminds you that your mind is wandering and what you are supposed to be doing. It is Mindfulness that brings your mind back to the object of meditation. All of this occurs instantaneously and without internal dialogue. Mindfulness is not thinking. Repeated practice in meditation establishes this function as a mental habit which then carries over into the rest of your life. A serious meditator pays bare attention to occurrences all the time, day in, day out, whether formally sitting in meditation or not. This is a very lofty ideal towards which those who meditate may be working for a period of years or even decades. Our habit of getting stuck in thought is years old, and that habit will hang on in the most tenacious manner. The only way out is to be equally persistent in the cultivation of constant Mindfulness. When Mindfulness is present, you will notice when you become stuck in your thought patterns. It is that very noticing which allows you to back out of the thought process and free yourself from it. Mindfulness then returns your attention to its proper focus. If you are meditating at that moment, then your focus will be the formal object of meditation. If your are not in formal meditation, it will be just a pure application of bare attention itself, just a pure noticing of whatever comes up without getting involved--"Ah, this comes up...and now this, and now this... and now this".

Mindfulness is at one and the same time both bare attention itself and the function of reminding us to pay bare attention if we have ceased to do so. Bare attention is noticing. It re- establishes itself simply by noticing that it has not been present. As soon as you are noticing that you have not been noticing, then by definition you are noticing and then you are back again to paying bare attention.

Mindfulness creates its own distinct feeling in consciousness. It has a flavor--a light, clear, energetic flavor. Conscious thought is heavy by comparison, ponderous and picky. But here again, these are just words. Your own practice will show you the difference. Then you will probably come up with your own words and the words used here will become superfluous. Remember, practice is the thing.

(b) Mindfulness sees things as they really are. Mindfulness adds nothing to perception and it subtracts nothing. It distorts nothing. It is bare attention and just looks at whatever comes up. Conscious thought pastes things over our experience, loads us down with concepts and ideas, immerses us in a churning vortex of plans and worries, fears and fantasies. When mindful, you don't play that game. You just notice exactly what arises in the mind, then you notice the next thing. "Ah, this...and this...and now this." It is really very simple.

(c) Mindfulness sees the true nature of all phenomena. Mindfulness and only Mindfulness can perceive the three prime characteristics that Buddhism teaches are the deepest truths of existence. In Pali these three are called Anicca (impermanence), Dukkha (unsatisfactoriness), and Anatta (selflessness--the absence of a permanent, unchanging, entity that we call Soul or Self). These truths are not present in Buddhist teaching as dogmas demanding blind faith. The Buddhists feel that these truths are universal and self-evident to anyone who cares to investigate in a proper way. Mindfulness is the method of investigation. Mindfulness alone has the power to reveal the deepest level of reality available to human observation. At this level of inspection, one sees the following: (a) all conditioned things are inherently transitory; (b) every worldly thing is, in the end, unsatisfying; and (c) there are really no entities that are unchanging or permanent, only processes.

Mindfulness works like and electron microscope. That is, it operates on so fine a level that one can actually see directly those realities which are at best theoretical constructs to the conscious thought process. Mindfulness actually sees the impermanent character of every perception. It sees the transitory and passing nature of everything that is perceived. It also sees the inherently unsatisfactory nature of all conditioned things. It sees that there is no sense grabbing onto any of these passing shows. Peace and happiness cannot be found that way. And finally, Mindfulness sees the inherent selflessness of all phenomena. It sees the way that we have arbitrarily selected a certain bundle of perceptions, chopped them off from the rest of the surging flow of experience and then conceptualized them as separate, enduring, entities. Mindfulness actually sees these things. It does not think about them, it sees them directly.

When it is fully developed, Mindfulness sees these three attributes of existence directly, instantaneously, and without the intervening medium of conscious thought. In fact, even the attributes which we just covered are inherently unified. They don't really exist as separate items. They are purely the result of our struggle to take this fundamentally simple process called Mindfulness and express it in the cumbersome and inadequate thought symbols of the conscious level. Mindfulness is a process, but it does not take place in steps. It is a holistic process that occurs as a unit: you notice your own lack of Mindfulness; and that noticing itself is a result of Mindfulness; and Mindfulness is bare attention; and bare attention is noticing things exactly as they are without distortion; and the way they are is impermanent (Anicca) , unsatisfactory (Dukkha), and selfless (Anatta). It all takes place in the space of a few mind-moments. This does not mean, however, that you will instantly attain liberation (freedom from all human weaknesses) as a result of your first moment of Mindfulness. Learning to integrate this material into your conscious life is another whole process. And learning to prolong this state of Mindfulness is still another. They are joyous processes, however, and they are well worth the effort.

Mindfulness (Sati) and Insight (Vipassana) Meditation

Mindfulness is the center of Vipassana Meditation and the key to the whole process. It is both the goal of this meditation and the means to that end. You reach Mindfulness by being ever more mindful. One other Pali word that is translated into English as Mindfulness is Appamada , which means non-negligence or an absence of madness. One who attends constantly to what is really going on in one's mind achieves the state of ultimate sanity.

The Pali term Sati also bears the connotation of remembering. It is not memory in the sense of ideas and pictures from the past, but rather clear, direct, wordless knowing of what is and what is not, of what is correct and what is incorrect, of what we are doing and how we should go about it. Mindfulness reminds the meditator to apply his attention to the proper object at the proper time and to exert precisely the amount of energy needed to do the job. When this energy is properly applied, the meditator stays constantly in a state of calm and alertness. As long as this condition is maintained, those mind-states call "hindrances" or "psychic irritants" cannot arise--there is no greed, no hatred, no lust or laziness. But we all are human and we do err. Most of us err repeatedly. Despite honest effort, the meditator lets his Mindfulness slip now and then and he finds himself stuck in some regrettable, but normal, human failure. It is Mindfulness that notices that change. And it is Mindfulness that reminds him to apply the energy required to pull himself out. These slips happen over and over, but their frequency decreases with practice. Once Mindfulness has pushed these mental defilements aside, more wholesome states of mind can take their place. Hatred makes way for loving kindness, lust is replaced by detachment. It is Mindfulness which notices this change, too, and which reminds the Vipassana meditator to maintain that extra little mental sharpness needed to keep these more desirable states of mind. Mindfulness makes possible the growth of wisdom and compassion. Without Mindfulness they cannot develop to full maturity.

Deeply buried in the mind, there lies a mental mechanism which accepts what the mind perceives as beautiful and pleasant experiences and rejects those experiences which are perceived as ugly and painful. This mechanism gives rise to those states of mind which we are training ourselves to avoid--things like greed, lust, hatred, aversion, and jealousy. We choose to avoid these hindrances, not because they are evil in the normal sense of the word, but because they are compulsive; because they take the mind over and capture the attention completely; because they keep going round and round in tight little circles of thought; and because they seal us off from living reality.

These hindrances cannot arise when Mindfulness is present. Mindfulness is attention to present time reality, and therefore, directly antithetical to the dazed state of mind which characterizes impediments. As meditators, it is only when we let our Mindfulness slip that the deep mechanisms of our mind take over -- grasping, clinging and rejecting. Then resistance emerges and obscures our awareness. We do not notice that the change is taking place -- we are too busy with a thought of revenge, or greed, whatever it may be. While an untrained person will continue in this state indefinitely, a trained meditator will soon realize what is happening. It is Mindfulness that notices the change. It is Mindfulness that remembers the training received and that focuses our attention so that the confusion fades away. And it is Mindfulness that then attempts to maintain itself indefinitely so that the resistance cannot arise again. Thus, Mindfulness is the specific antidote for hindrances. It is both the cure and the preventive measure.

Fully developed Mindfulness is a state of total non-attachment and utter absence of clinging to anything in the world. If we can maintain this state, no other means or device is needed to keep ourselves free of obstructions, to achieve liberation from our human weaknesses. Mindfulness is non-superficial awareness. It sees things deeply, down below the level of concepts and opinions. This sort of deep observation leads to total certainty, and complete absence of confusion. It manifests itself primarily as a constant and unwavering attention which never flags and never turns away.

This pure and unstained investigative awareness not only holds mental hindrances at bay, it lays bare their very mechanism and destroys them. Mindfulness neutralizes defilements in the mind. The result is a mind which remains unstained and invulnerable, completely unaffected by the ups and downs of life.

-oOo-

(corrected by Pedro Ripa, ripa@cicese.mx , 01 June 2001)

《金刚经》的经题

《金刚经》的经题是‘金刚般若波罗蜜’。这个‘般若’,没有适当的中国字可以翻,因此就翻译了它的音,而没有翻译它的意思。这是古时候译经家的一种规定。咱们国家没有适当的名词恰好跟这个‘般若’一样,但是这个音有点走了样,注了这个音,这个音还是接近的。要是翻译了意思,就是‘无上正等正觉’。有的翻译的是音,有的翻译的是意思。‘般若’就是音。因为我们中国没有适当的字相当于‘般若’,勉强叫做智慧。这很容易混,因此就需要‘般若’翻成中国的意思,就是深智慧或者大智慧,以区别于咱们一般所谓的智慧。尤其是要区别于咱们所谓的世智辩聪,这两个词的意思恰恰有天渊之别。我们如果把世智辩聪当作了般若,那就是禅宗的话:‘把驴鞍桥当作阿爹的下巴颌(铠Kai)了’。那个桥跟下巴颌没有共同之处,如果把般若体会成世间的学问、世间的聪明能干,那就大错特错了。因为世智辩聪是佛教所讲的‘八难’之一,学佛是有八种人是很困难学的:聋子、瞎子、哑巴......。哑巴,他就不能问话;如聋如盲,他就看不见、听不见。还有神经病等都属于‘八难’之一。这个世智辩聪是跟‘八难’并列的。我们有的时候常常不知道,有的人还以此自负,不知道这是一种缺点。所谓‘般若’既不是我们所说的智慧,也不是指学问,而是一个大智慧,极深的智慧。‘六度波罗蜜’里头前五度—布施、持戒、忍辱、精进、禅定,如果只是这前五度而没有般若的话,不能称为‘波罗蜜’。你只是布施,就是布施,不能成‘布施波罗蜜’。忍辱,只是忍辱,而不能成为‘忍辱波罗蜜’......波罗蜜是什么意思呢?翻译过来的意思就是‘彼岸到’。外国文法是倒过来说的,咱们的话就是‘到彼岸’。众生生生死死轮回不断,这生死是一岸。我们在这岸里头,八宝山一烧,又不知驴胎马腹哪里去了,轮回不休。现在大量的科学研究,证明这种轮回是事实!很多人都记得他前生的事情,还出了大量专书,是外国人写的书。生死这一岸是可怕的,我们死是很苦的,这个死是无穷尽的死。一个人说:‘我难过的要死’,那就是用这个‘死’来形容难过到极点了。这个死是极难过的,如果只死一回就空了,这事情也好办了,但是这种死是无穷尽的。而且这‘六道’里头还有‘三恶道’,‘三恶道’苦趣的时间就更长了,三途一报就是五千劫呀!释迦牟尼佛修精舍的时候,很多大阿罗汉看见蚂蚁就哭了。因为前一个佛在这说法,这些蚂蚁当时就是蚂蚁,它们一直到现在还是蚂蚁。你看前一个佛过后,另一个佛出世得多少年时间呀!可它们还是蚂蚁。所以堕入这种恶趣就很难得再从这恶趣里头出来呀!因为它结的缘只是这个缘,它思想里头只是这个东西,它就出不去了。所以这生死之岸很可怕。

Hypnotic Bond

http://buddhism.sgforums.com/?action=thread_display&thread_id=204892

Thusness
Senior Member


quote:


Originally posted by la lapine blanche:
Just want to clarify this. Generally I understand the concept of living in the present moment, feeling current sensations and feelings, being aware of thoughts, etc. But there are a few examples that confuse me:

1. I am a teacher and I spend a large amount of my working time planning tomorrow's lessons or next week's lessons. This is necessary for my job. Does this mean I am not living in the present?

2. If you are an academic and your career involves researching abstract concepts, thinking about them, writing research on them, does this mean you are escaping from the present by doing this?

3. If you enter the "flow state" (popular term in American psychology, meaning losing all sense of time because you are so absorbed in what you're doing) would that be bad in Buddhism because you lost track of time passing and therefore the present reality? http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flow_(psychology)

thanks
LB




Hi LB,

You may want to look more deeply into ‘non-action’, i.e., plan but not be attached to outcome. When engaging with conceptual models, just work within the laws and conditions of the model. This is analogous to our ‘buddha nature’ working day in and day out within the conditions of our five senses yet not limited by it.

Before stabilization of our experience of Presence, there will be confusion. No-self is a very distinct phase of our practices; without going through this phase, we will not be able to replace our conceptual mode of knowing with intuitiveness and directness. This is known as the ‘turning point’. From intuitive workings into spontaneity will take some time. Smile

---------------------------------

quote:


Originally posted by la lapine blanche:


Thusness,
Thanks for the post, I'm really interested in what you said but not sure I've fully understood.

"Stabilization of our experience of Presence" - at the moment I only feel "present" sometimes, like when I can be bothered to meditate or when I remind myself to climb the stairs mindfully, etc. So I guess what you mean by "stabilization of experience of Presence" is when I come to feel this all the time?

You're quite right that I don't really go beyond conceptual thinking at all yet. I think that's why I'm struggling to understand a lot of things. Like emptiness - I kind of see the concept of "no inherent self" like I am just a collection of genes, cells, influences on my past, experiences, environment, etc. but I haven't really deeply grasped it because I still feel a strong sense of "me"!




Hi LB,

Not exactly. Continuous sustainability of Presence all the time is the result of the awakening of our prajna wisdom that will lead to the experience of all phenomenon manifestation as unconditional spontaneous arising. It is not the result of effort or the strength of habitual energy.

The beginning of clarity and stabilization starts when we begin to break loose a deeply held 'bond' in our consciousness -- A hypnotic bond that is like a magical spell bonding us to our thoughts, body and self. Feel the power of this bond. It is just a form of identification and nothing else yet it has such power over us. Realizing this will help loosen the power of symbols over us, thus bringing us one step closer to the natural state. We will realize that we are in the right track when we notice an acute sharpening of all our senses. We feel very clear, light and bright and thoughts will lessen naturally. Thought at this level begins to play a secondary role. We gather strength when Presence beams and radiates.

Lastly be thorough in no-self. We need not worry too much. The Presence experienced from the practice of mindfulness will prevent the over-negation. instead, it will refine the understanding of our true nature. Smile

PS: 'Mindfulness in Plain English' is a good guide. You may want to grab it.

一 学佛者的苦闷

从来学佛的人,常常会发生这样几种情况:

第 一、已认识佛法理论的精辟圆满,也常常看经研教,赞叹随喜,但只当作学术性来研究鉴赏,不肯毅然决然地用认真严肃的态度来躬行实践。有的还曲解“本来是 佛,不属修证”的说法,认为修行证果是不必要的,因此终日闲散,任情放逸,自以为随缘自在,但一接触到实际问题,却没有抵抗和化除的办法。

第 二、虽已肯发心实践,却不明修持的道理,仍处处执着,说物就着于物,说心就执于我,甚至必求最高无上的法与德高望重的师,好像只有这样,才能从速解脱自己 的烦恼;可是在日常生活中,贪瞋等习气发露的时候,却随它奔腾流浪,并不去回头照顾。他们心存依赖,一味向外寻求,仍不曾抓住问题的重心。

第 三、曾经沧海,备嚐艰苦,于是认真学佛,愿求解脱,知见很正,却又苦摸不着一个下手处,虽也诵经持咒,念佛打坐,但终觉得左不是右不是的找不到一条出路 来,往往学佛十年,烦恼依旧,求法无量,痛苦如昨!于是很多的人因久无消息,自怨业障深重,以为终身无望,从此萎靡不振,退失初心。

我们如果根据上述一些例子,来作一下主观上的分析,那么第一种人是由于不知实践的重要,第二种人是由于不明实践的宗旨,第三种人是由于不详实践的方法。因此,求法的很多,而实践的就较少,至于从实践而明悟心性的那就更少。所谓“入宝山而空回”,这真是学佛者的苦闷!


二 实践的重要

佛 法三藏十二部,汪洋浩瀚,博大精深,总的说来,其内容可分为教法、理法、行法、果法四方面。教是佛所说的言教,理是教中所说的义理,行是依理所起的行持, 果是由行而证的觉果。教和理是属于理论的范围,行和果是属于实践的范围。佛法的理论,完全是从实践中提炼出来而能指导实践的。没有实践就是空洞的理论,没 有理论又是盲目的实践,因此,佛法的教、理、行、果,也就互相联系,分而不分。

由 此可知,学佛的目的,并不是教人只作纯理论的探讨,其着重,点在于由教理的了悟而贯彻到躬行实践中去。学佛得益的大小,完全要看实践程度的深浅来决定。只 有真实履践,才能亲自证实佛法理论的正确、圆满和伟大;也只有脚踏实地,依佛法不断熏习,才能逐渐断除主观虚构的妄执,证到客观究竟的实性,妙契宇宙法界 的真实相,而庆快平生!因此,佛法实际上就是个实践问题。况且能行得一分,才真能解得一分,这样理论和实践互相资助,互相影响,便成为佛法行解相应、理事 不二的统一观。


三 实践的宗旨

实践佛法,原有各种不同的方式和方法,有的诵经礼拜,有的广修供养,有的精守戒律,有的执持名号,有的专修禅观,有的行脚参访。这样孜孜学习,究竟为了些什么?假使宗旨不明,必然会含糊笼统,劳而少益,日久或者自己也会不知其所以然了。

《法 华经》说:“诸佛世尊唯以一大事因缘故,出现于世。”所谓大事因缘,就是:“欲令众生开佛知见,使得清净故,出现于世;欲示众生佛之知见故,出现于世;欲 令众生悟佛知见故,出现于世;欲令众生入佛知见故,出现于世。”二千多年来,流传世上的佛法,就在各种不同的方法上,一直负着这样一个欲令众生开、示、 悟、入佛之知见的重要任务。所谓“佛之知见”,就是指人人具有的智慧觉性。这个觉性,从它的体质方面讲,是广大圆明,恒常不变;从它的相状方面讲,是清净 湛寂、充塞时空;从它的作用方面讲,是随缘应用、观照无碍。它是事物的真实相貌,所以叫做实相;又是万法的究竟体性,所以也叫法性。只因我们久远以来,被 主观偏执的习气所障蔽,竟使这一本具的光明觉性,不但没有办法显现,而且也没有人肯信。弄得痴迷暗钝,脱离实际,枉受许多苦恼,因而不能不借佛法来开、 示、悟、入。所谓“开、示、悟、入”,虽然含有许多不同的过程,但概括说来,不外乎由明悟心性而到彻证心性。只有明悟心性以后,启发智慧,明因识果,才真 能降伏烦恼,化除习气,步步深入,直到彻证真理,成就佛果。假使心地不明,那么习气会去了又来,烦恼会随灭随生,识心永远不断,苦果无从解脱。这样,虽然 在学佛,却很难得到实益,譬如在暗室之中,虽想打扫尘垢,清理积物,却苦于无从下手。所以《华严经》说:“不能了自心,云何知正道。彼由颠倒慧,增长一切 恶”。《解深密经》说:“若不了知无相法,杂染相法不能断”。《大日经》说:“云何菩提,谓如实知自心”。由此可见,实践佛法,应该建筑在自觉的基础上, 由依法修习,而得定开慧,而明心见性,而扫荡积习,而彻证真理;从思惟转为观照,由现象渗透本质,解脱生死苦厄,成就无上觉果,这是学佛的具体内容,也是 学佛的根本宗旨!

也 许有人认为明心见性,似乎要求较高,不是一般人所能领会。的确,众生根性千差万别,为了根据不同的根机,给以不同的教化,因此,在一乘中,不得不说二说 三,方便接引,这也是不容忽视的事实。但无量法门,归根结蒂,究竟都是为一佛乘,所以《法华经》说:“唯此一事实,余二则非真。”而且根性大小,并不是固 定的,所谓“心能造业,心能转业。”发心大的,转业就快,学佛原望成佛,大愿方有大成,如果下手时因地不正,一味自卑自屈,不向一佛乘中求,那么目的原不 在此,怎能有所成就。实际上,若能从根本处做起,则知见正确,般若种子,就永远留在识田中,终必因此而得解脱。况且我们平时造业受苦,正因为不明心地,学 佛如果不从明心下手,就等于外道凡夫;因为心性不明,势必心外取法,心外取法,就是生死颠倒。既说“心、佛、众生三无差别”,那么成佛作祖原是当人本分下 事,并无神秘奇特可说。众苦只由于不觉,极乐无过于明心,“当仁则不让”,能发心直下承当的,是真佛子!

其次,我们必须了解:佛法所以能流传深广,睥睨一切,也正为有这个根本真理作为它的精神实质,否则形存实亡,再过若干年,世人将不知学佛为何事,佛法前途是不堪设想的!


四 实践的意义

就 理上来讲,我们的自性,本来光明觉照,体用如如,无所谓修证,也无所谓佛法,所以《金刚经》说:“若人言,如来有所说法,即为谤佛”;但就事上来讲,由于 我们真如自性,迷而不觉,成为真妄和合的第八识。这第八识,无始以来,受前面七识现行活动的熏习,含藏着无量习气种子,形成一种潜势力,一旦遇到机缘,便 能发现流行,又引起精神和肉体方面的颠倒活动。这样由现行熏成种子,再由种子生起现行,互为因果,以致自性日夜波动狂乱,无法安定,因此,又不能不用佛法 来对治修证,转识成智,恢复我们本来圆成的实性。所以谁不肯实践佛法,谁就是讳疾忌医,无视于自己主观偏执、贪瞋烦恼的事实,正是违反客观实际,甘被调弄 的大迷信者!

佛法的实践,一般叫做修行。修是修理,这说明自性本来清净自在,因受尘垢妄执的蒙蔽,所以要加以修理,以恢复本来的样子,否则就应该叫做建造;行是行行不息的活动,这说明修习佛法,要在一切时、一切处自强不息,行行重行行,深入又深入,不能时续时断,不能一曝十寒。

人 们的一切活动,不外身、口、意三方面,而这三方面的活动,又以意识为主,由意识的活动而表现于身口,所以实际上三者是分不开的。不但如此,意识又是真如自 性所发露,从真起妄,那么妄不离真,譬如从水起波,波还是水。因此一切活动,包括修习佛法在内,实际上,全是真如自性的表现,这叫做全性起修,既然是全性 起修,那么也可以说全修在性了。所以能依法实践一分,就能显一分本性,得一分受用。修行又可分为二方面来说,身口方面的礼拜诵念,有事相可见的,叫做事 修,内心方面的参究观照,隐微难知的,叫做理观,身心既然是互为表里,无法分开,那么理观之中,就有事修,事修之中也就有理观。因此,理上越明白的,事上 一定越谨严;事上越谨严的,理上定越清净。由此可知,修习佛法,既不能执事而废理,也不能执理而废事。学佛的人,若能理事圆融,因果不昧,必有大明心性的 一日。

自 性清净无染,就是戒;自性寂然不动,就是定;自性观照无碍,就是慧。可见戒、定、慧原是自性具足的功能,是自性一物的三面。实践佛法的本意,仍是从这三方 面去回复本性。所以一切修持离不开戒、定、慧,一切佛法也无不同时具足戒、定、慧。因此,戒、定、慧成为修学佛法的基本法则。根据这一法则,可由染污转为 清净,由动乱转为安定由糊涂转为明白;直至无染无净,无动也无静,无智也无得,方真是自性本来的面目。


五 实践的方法

甲 修法总说

众 生和佛为什么有苦乐的不同,关键只在于觉与不觉,因此学佛的方法,就是转念觉照的方法。我们要时时凛觉,练得此心,能如悬崖勒马,说止就止,说放下就放 下,所谓“不怕念起,只怕觉迟”。得觉快,转得快,热恼顿时可化为清凉。不过一般人总是不易觉,不易转,这正是自心业习的障碍,所以要依佛法来横修竖修, 千磨百练,使烦恼妄心,逐步就范。

佛 教有无量的法门,但却是整个的。由于人们习气、根性、环境等等各有不同,为了适应客观的情况,不得不方便分立。实际上,门门都可归性,法法皆是般若,所以 一切经典都称赞它自己的功德,这正因为一切佛法,都是从自性所流出,而又还归于自性的。因此,学佛的人,必须对各种法门有法法平等的观点,不生门户胜劣的 执见。这样,见理圆融,会入不二,心量也就广大,进步必然迅速。假使“是一非余”,便成学佛的习气。

各 宗的修法,虽然有同一的目的,但立场和方法,却有所不同。从来祖师大德,因悲心激切,惟恐学人不肯专心子一个法门去学习,所以苦口婆心,特别强调自己法门 的优胜,但这往往都是一个是时期中破人执着的方便说法。例如六祖惠能大师说:“东方人造罪,念佛求生西方,西方人造罪,念佛求生何国?”这正是以理夺事的 说法。如果学者自己的脚跟没有站稳,听到公说公有理,婆说婆有理,就不免彷徨不定,坠入歧途。因此初下手实践时,应以专一深入为主,多亲近本宗的明师益 友,等到妄想销落,心地融通,这时正需遍参知识,广学多闻,由一门而会入普门。

各 宗的修法,虽然不同,但都要以愿力为主。愿力要切实、正大,痛念死生无常,决心要求解脱,并发广大悲愿,誓愿与一切众生共同获得平等圆满的无上正觉。这样 以坚决、伟大的愿力来引导行动,就如严师的随时督察,方可警觉痛切,不至于中途懈怠。其次要以实修为主。所谓实修,就是实心实行,要从内心出发,不只是表 面的一套唱念礼拜。功夫做得实在,就会冷暖自知。最初下手时,不宜用力过猛,要稳步前进,否则往往会犯“念佛三天,佛在眼前,念佛三年,佛在天边”的急进 急退病。在修学的中途,必须一门深入,不急不缓,如切如磋,毅力坚强,愈久愈坚。等到发明心地后,则要涵养省察,不离觉照,在一切顺逆境界上,刻苦磨练, 考验自心。

此 外,修心可分为救果与慎因两方面。救果就是根据佛法来扫荡过去已经熏成的旧日习气,所谓“随缘消业”;慎因就是审慎今后自己身、口、意三方面的活动,勿再 颠倒昏迷,乱作乱为,以免再增新习气,所谓“莫再造新殃”。假使只注意除过去的习气,而不战战兢兢改造其现在思想行为,那么正像服药而不忌食,病终不得痊 愈,苦终无由解脱。所以持戒实是学佛的基础。学佛的人,无论修什么法门,必须注重戒律。云栖大师说:“持戒为平地,禅定为屋宅,能生智慧光,次第得明照, 定慧力庄严,万行为具足,乃至成佛道,悉由戒为本”。《梵网经.心地品》说:“一切有心者,皆应摄佛戒,众生受佛戒,即入诸佛位。”我们假使能语默动静合 乎戒的规律,那么圆明妙心自然应现;同样,如果能心地清净,杀、盗、淫、妄等恶行也无从发生。所以能真实摄心,内外一如的,是真持戒!

乙 扼要介绍几种主要的修法

佛 法本来不必多,但我们既然谈到佛法的实践,为了适应各个不同的需要,觉得有将主要几种下手修持的方法,作一简明、扼要介绍的必要。读者可估计自己的根性, 看哪一法和自己的兴趣相近,就可选择来修持。但必以专一深入为主,等到日久功深,自有互会融通的一日,假使以贪多为得,必将一事无成,这点是非常重要的。

1. 参禅

禅 宗一门,是佛法的骨髓,但以心印心,原不是言语文字可以表达。过去佛在灵山会上拈花示众,那时大家都默然不识,只有迦叶尊者,破颜微笑,互相默契。当时佛 说:“吾有正法眼藏,涅槃妙心,实相无相,微妙法门,不立文字,教外别传,付嘱摩诃迦叶”。因此迦叶尊者,是禅宗的初祖。中国的禅宗初祖,则是在梁时到中 国来传法的达摩大师。自达摩大师传至六祖惠能,禅风鼎盛。那时悟入的方法,一般都是直接指点当人本心,使他明悟,往往只要一言相契,便直下承当,并不须许 多言说。我们可以举下列几个例子,作为榜样:像二祖慧可曾向达摩初祖说:“我心未宁,乞师与安。”初祖说:“将心来,与汝安。”但心原是幻生幻灭不可得的 东西,怎么拿得出来,所以二祖半晌说:“觅心了不可得”。初祖便说:“我与汝安心竟”。二祖从此有悟。又像四祖道信,在十四岁时,到三祖僧璨处求道,说: “愿和尚慈悲,乞与解脱法门。”三祖说:“谁缚汝?”他说:“无人缚。”三祖说:“何更求解脱乎?”他便于言下大悟。又像六祖教惠明“屏息诸缘,勿生一 念”之后,说:“不思善,不思恶,正与么时,那个是明上座本来面目。”惠明也于言下大悟。可见古人是怎样简切了当。三祖《信心铭》说:“一切不留,无可记 忆,虚明自照,不劳心力,非思量处,识情难测。”黄檗禅师《传心法要》说:“世人不悟,只认见闻觉知为心,为见闻觉知所覆,所以不见精明本体,但直下无 心,本体自现。”又说:“学道人若不直下无心,累劫修行,终不成道”。大珠禅师《顿悟入道要门论》说:“但知一切处无心,即是无念也。得无念时,自然解 脱。”我们平时,其实也常有这种无念境界观前,可惜一般人都随便忽略过去,顷刻之间又万念俱生,不曾一把抓住,“啊!原来就是你”,来亲自体验一番。我们 知道心念既是有生有灭的东西,那么一定有前念已灭,后念未生的一段光景。当前念已灭,后念未生,这中间究竟是怎样的?假使我们能这样细细一参,去悟心一 门,也就不远了。(以上,“但有言说,都无实义”,如果读者能当下体认,便瞒你不过。)

从 这里我们可以看出,禅宗一门,惟论见性,直指人心,承当便了,本来无所谓参话头与疑情,但后来由于人们妄想大多,根机日钝,不能直下见到,往往互弄机诈, 说口头禅,因此祖师们才不得不各出手眼,教人以参看话头的方便办法。所谓参话头,就是把一向朝外奔驰的心念,回转来反照参看一句足以使人发生疑情的话头。 对于这一话头,能越疑越好,所谓大疑大悟,小疑小悟(若疑情发不起,是因为发心不真切。)由于用这一极强的慧力来照顾追究,功夫严密而紧凑,自能得力不 少。所以参话头,实是悟心的妙法。所参的话头很多,像“万法归一,一归何处?”“父母未生前本来面目如何?”“无想无梦时,主人翁在什么处?”“念佛是 谁?”等等。其中以“谁”字话头,一举便有,最易发起疑情。

参 的办法究竟怎样呢?虚云大师说:“如问念佛的是谁,人人都知是自己念。但是用口念呢?还是用心念?若用口念,死了还有口,为什么不会念?若用心念,心又是 什么样子,却了不可得。因此不明白,便在“谁”字上发起轻微疑念,(“念佛是谁”四字,以“谁”字为重心。)切不要粗,愈细愈好,随时随地单单照顾住这一 疑念,(像流水般不断地照顾下去,不生二念。若疑念在,不要动着它,疑念不在,再轻微提起”。这里必须注意的,就是参话头并不是将话头像念佛一样,一句顶 一句的念;也不是像猜谜语般,反覆思量忖度,研究道理;也不能有想开悟、求智慧等念头,总要将一切凡情圣解一刀两断!只是回光返照,全神贯注在这疑念上, 勿间勿断,勿令驰散。妄想来时,由它来,不去理它,只以觉照的力量,钉住疑念。初参的时候,必定断断续续,忽生忽熟,渐渐参看纯熟,功夫成片,不疑自疑, 这时尘劳妄想,也就不息自息。这样以长远心,追逼到山穷水尽之处,一旦瓜熟蒂落,一念顿歇,便能亲见湛然寂照的本性。然后从所悟的本体,起观照的力用,在 一切生活日用上,锻炼打磨,能扫除一分习气,便增加一分定慧;以消融一分境界,便获得一分自在,这样真可谓尽学佛的能事了。

2. 观心

观 心一法,是修心的要务,一切大乘经典所说的,处处不离般若,正是处处不离观照。由于我们平时不能一念回光来返照自性,终于使妄念像脱缰之马一般,奔驰不 停。现在我们用自性来照于自心,是伐木断根的根本办法。所以《涅槃经》说:“能观心性,名为上定”。《大乘心地观经》也说:“若能修习深妙观,惑业苦果无 由起。”观心的方法,初下手时,是要随时随地放下一切妄想杂念,是、非、善恶都不思量,直下细细静看自己当下的心念。这时但见念头忽来忽去,幻生幻灭,切 不可分别执着,也不可随它流浪,又不可着意遣除,因妄念本空,原是无可遣除的。我们只要平心静气地细细看察,妄念被自心所照,当下便能湛寂不动,以至自然 化于无形。但在初观的时候,往往易于忘记,所以必须多练,每日至少须起观数十次,自可逐步纯熟。观至中途往往一念起后,力量甚大,有盘桓三四日不去的情 况,这正是习气种子在内翻动。这时我只一味观照,不去管它,毅力坚强,埋头忍受,用“不取不舍”的办法。用功久久,就会觉得妄念不流,心地空净,寂照同 时、灵光独耀。这种观心的道理,简要的说来,能观照的智,就是般若,被智所观照的境,就是无明;但无明原是依于真如而起,所以观无明妄心,就是观自性清净 心。这样以般若熏于无明,正像以日光照于坚冰,照得时间久了,没有不分分融泮而消归于自性的。又观照般若是始觉,实相般若是本觉,由回光返照的始觉,逐步 息妄显真,观力愈强,定力愈足,定慧互资,则始本合一,如珠吐光,还照珠体,诸妄既息,寂照现前。这正是《圆觉经》所说:“圆照清净觉相”的办法。所以观 心一门,《大乘心地观经》说是“入如来地顿悟法门”。

其 次,关于止观法门,当然是以天台的圆顿止观,系缘法界(止),一念法界(观),初后不二,行解俱顿,为尽善尽美。因此,我想来扼要介绍一下关于台宗一心三 观的初步修法。《摩诃止观》开所观之境,共有十种,在十境中,先拣定阴入境中的第六意识为所观之境,因为第六意识是我们的妄想,日常现前,为生死的根本, 所以必须从第六意识下手观起。此外,立能观的方法有十乘,在十乘中,以观不思议性德最为圆妙,这性德有即空、即假、即中的三方面。自性不生不灭。本来空 寂,叫做真谛;自性应用无尽,具足妙假,叫做俗谛;自性即空即假,而又非空非假,叫做中谛。这三谛,实际上就是一谛,一谛就是三谛,是自性一物的三面,圆 融而不可分离。在这三谛圆融的自性中,自然具足百界千如的三千诸法,这三千诸法,包括尽了世间出世间的心物、因果、性相、体用等等一切诸法在内。我们日常 一念之间,三千诸法,同时具足,既不是本无今有,也不是前后纵横,而是即空即假即中,不可思议。现在下手修观。就在这性德不思议境上,起空假中的三观之 修,用横竖四句推理检点这性具三千的道理。所谓横四句就是推检这性具的三千诸法,究竟是我主观的自心所具备的呢?还是客观的诸缘所具备?是心缘和合而具备 的呢?还是无因自然而具备?若说是自心所具备,自心的生起,必有待于外缘,这样,心尚不可得,怎能具备这三千诸法?若说诸缘能具诸法,那么诸缘本来与我无 涉,怎能具有这三千诸法?若说是心缘和合而有,心缘还没有和合前,既各各都不具有,和合时又怎能真有所具?若说无因自然而有,无因就等于空无,既空无又怎 能具足诸法?这样用上列四句来推检,来挖根,就可知一法尚不可得,怎么会有三千诸法呢?所以《中论》说:“诸法不自生,亦不从他生,不共不无因,是故知无 生。”在推检过程中,如果有一句相应,就能使六识妄想入于空寂,那时可不必再用其他各句;若不能入寂,可再用各句一一推检,乃至用竖四句(就是一念心灭生 三千法呢?还是一念心不灭生三千法?是一念心亦灭亦不灭生三千法呢?还是一念心非灭非不灭生三千法?)及亦横亦竖、非横非竖等句推检,必使妄想入于空寂为 止。若果能一念澄澈,当下湛湛寂寂,万念俱空,这叫做一空一切空的不思议空观,照于不思议的真谛境。恰当空空寂寂时,便顿了自性中原本具足的一切诸法,并 不像木石般冥顽不灵,所以能妙用无尽,法法全彰,这叫做一假一切假的不思议假观,照于不思议的俗谛境。又正当诸法宛然时,即照而寂,却当体全空,即寂而 照,却法法具备,这样非空非假,即空即假,这叫做一中一切中的不思议中观,照于不思议的中谛境。但以上所说,由圆具三谛的本性,起圆具三观的妙修,所说似 有次第,实际上并无先后,行起解绝,唯寂唯照。假使能蓦直照去,则圆融三观,一时现前。能观的心与所观的境相冥合,则破见思、尘沙、无明的三惑,证一切 智,道种智、一切种智的三智,而成般若、解脱,法身的三德。那时自性体、相、用的三谛妙理,就全体显现。虎溪大师说:“境为妙假观为空,境观双忘即是中, 忘照何曾有先后,一心融绝了无踪”。所以叫做不思议的妙观。假使观这识阴等境不能悟入,可再用能观的十种法,历其余所观的九种境,一一观之,就是所谓“即 境观心”。读者欲知详细,可研阅《摩诃止观》十卷。以上所述两种观法,下手方法虽有不同,究竟理趣,殊无二致,学者可随性之相近,择一专修。不过《摩何止 观》广博深细,初学和事忙的人,恐怕难以下手,那么不如修第一种观法,较为简切了当。

3. 修密

密 宗修法的特徵,是以口持真言、手结印契、意作妙观(观于有相无相两种曼荼罗。曼荼罗的意义是轮转圆满具足,是学者观想的对象。)的三密相应(瑜伽)为妙 行。由于行持时,以本尊的清净三密(咒、印、观)加持于我们身口意的三业之上,互相融会涉入,一体不二,自力他力配合,使我们的身口意都入于不思议境界, 便能迅速转变我们第八识的有漏种子,发起本有的无漏种子,(《成唯识论》卷二,明无漏种子,法尔本有,不从熏生。)开发佛知佛见,而成清净光明的净菩提 心。法门的特殊优胜,自不是未修密法者所能知。藏密的传承,有宁玛、噶居、萨迦、格鲁四派。自莲华生大士入西藏以后,为藏密宁玛派(红教)奠定了基础。他 的教旨是依秘密莲华部心义建立,以部主阿弥陀如来所得妙观察智为本智。但莲华部含摄的种类既广,其修证方法,也各各随其本尊的体相而有差别,不过旨趣还是 一样的。红教修持方法,最称完备,因效力很大,如果传给不适当的人,流弊很多。自后有格鲁派祖师宗喀巴,出而整理教法,于是有黄教的建立。两教的修法,本 质上没有多大差别,因为考据黄教的渊源,亦是秉依龙猛(即龙树)所传的莲华部法;且教规同以护持自他清净菩提心为主。不过黄教更趋重戒律,以真实成就莲华 部清净光明的本旨。以上是关于密宗的一些基本情况。

密 宗的修法可分为四部:一、事业部,就是做息灾、增益等的护摩事业;二、行持部,就是修初步的观想行持等;三、瑜伽部,就是依法修持的三密相应;四、无上瑜 珈部,这是四部中最高深的一部。无上瑜伽又可分为三等:一、大相应(嘛哈约嘎),就是以真言加持,入妙明境界:二、圆满相应(阿努约嘎),就是行者本身即 妙明境界;三、大圆满相应(阿底约嘎),其中包括大圆满心要及心中心层层入深的修法,到这里法界全是一心,含融万法,心佛一如,一切圆满,归功无碍。由于 密宗的受法,依照一般规定,必须经过轨范师灌顶的手续,而且各有印咒,这里无法作具体的介绍。但是,我们可以约略谈一谈,依于大藏经秘密仪轨《佛心经品亦 通大随求陀罗尼》(二卷、唐菩提流志译)所说,无相密乘心中心的修法,以备有缘学者的参考。这一法共有六印一咒,每印须修八座,每座须坐足两小时。六印修 满后,专修第四印及第二印(修第四印,可助生极乐),一切仪规,都是很简单的。修时规定在两小时内,口持咒不停,手结印不散,意则一切不管,不取于相,念 头起时不去理它,一心只顾到持咒。这样依法修持,因有咒印奉持,所以不落于空;因咒印没有道理可说,所以也不着于有。不空不有,左右挟持着这个心,念起随 来随扫,随扫随空,扫至无可再扫,自然就证入三昧。因此,根性利的,经过四五百座的苦行,就能点开心要,由体而起慧照的妙用。那些平日定力不足,修禅净等 法门不能相应的人,可以修这个法,因为在二小时内,如钻木取火地不断修持,就能迅速地改造无始以来的浮滑习气,得定开慧,有一定的把握。所以《佛心经》 说:“若持心中心,速证无生忍”。又说:“末法众生,障深垢重,非此妙法,无由得除。”诺那大师曾赞叹这个法门为无上密乘。可惜受法的机会颇难,这也是各 人因缘的不同吧!

4. 念佛

最 后,我来介绍一下,广大微妙、空有圆融的净上念佛法门。佛经里所说的净土修行方法,虽然很多,如《般舟三昧经》所说的观像念佛;《观无量寿佛经》所说的观 想念佛;《佛说阿弥陀经》所说的持名念佛;以及《大集经》所说的实相念佛,依照这些方法去修持,都可往生净土,但其中以持名念佛为重心,因为这一法门,所 摄收各种不同根机的人最广,利人也最多。上面所介绍的参禅、观心、修密等各种修法,固然法法圆妙,但有的需要精研教理,有的需具备相当根性,有的需有充分 时间,有的需有受法机会;而且能不能得益,还须看各人的因缘和努力。只有持名一法,虽然也少不了自己的精勤用功,但不一定要具备上述的各项条件,而且下手 简易,有事有理,真是“浅者得其浅,深者得其深”,对任何人都是相宜的。假使佛法中,没有这个法门,可以说,绝大多数的信众,将没有亲嚐法味的机会了。龙 树菩萨是禅宗、密宗、天台、华严、三论、净土等诸宗的祖师,他在《十住毗婆沙论》里说:“佛法有无量门,如世间道,有难有易,陆道步行则苦,水道乘舟则 乐。菩萨道亦如是,……若人欲疾至不退转地者,应以恭敬心,执持称名号。”所以我们对持名念佛法门,必须深信、切愿和笃行。

人 们的苦恼,在于无法制止贪瞋等烦恼的发生,如果我们能观于无念,自然就可趋向佛智,假使不能做到无念,那么世间出世间的一切诸念,哪个念头有比念佛的念头 更好的呢?这个道理不是很明显吗?何况一句佛号,随时随地,提起就是,一念提起,则一念是佛,念念提起,则念念是佛,古人所谓:“佛号投于乱心,则乱心不 得不佛。”这样,由“执持名号”,而“一心不乱”,虽不求见性,却暗合道妙。即使念时心仍散乱,很难做到一心地步,也可仗自己深信切愿的力量,带未断的烦 惑,出三界的牢笼,(注意:念佛法门,主要是建筑在深信切愿的基础上,所以藕益大师说:“得生与否全由信愿之有无,品位高下全由持名之深浅。)但得见弥 陀,何愁不开悟。所以净土一门,普遍适宜于上中下三种根机的人,称为教内的别传。

但 念佛法门,虽说下手简易,实际上也并不简单,必须恳切专勤,唯精唯一,行住坐卧,动静闲忙,蓦直念去;尤其当遇到一切顺逆境界时,总要使一句洪名,不离心 口,若有事打断,必须记起更念。只有这样,久久方能熟处转生,生处转熟,业消智朗,净念现前;方能在临终苦迫之际,提得起这句佛号,感佛接引。假使贪其简 易,而悠悠忽忽,间断夹杂,虽能种植远因,难获现前利益。这不是法门的不巧妙,而是我们学者的不老实。

念 佛法门,也是自力他力配合的一种修法,用一句果地圆觉的名号——“南无阿弥陀佛”,作为我们因地修持的心念。念时有三种方式,就是默念、高声念和金刚念。 平时以金刚念最为适宜,所谓金刚念,就是绵绵密密声在唇齿之间的一种念法,虽然不出声,但嘴唇必须微动,来帮助忆念,因高声易于费力伤气,默念又易昏沉散 失;但也不可执定,总在自己看环境和情况而调适得宜。初发心修持的,最好能每日用金刚念跏趺坐念一小时,(坐法请参看前篇《学佛是怎么一回事?》观心一 节)助其常摄在定,自能易于得力。(修各种佛法,本通于行、住、坐、卧的四仪,但初学的人,必定静中较动中容易得力,因此静坐一法,都不能不借用。)又持 念时用四种方法,最易相应:

一、摄心念。就是在念的时候,必须摄心专注而念,如果妄念纷飞,不容易收摄,则可一面在口里念,一面用耳根听,旋听旋失,旋失旋听,若一根被摄,则六根也自寂然。《楞严经》所谓“都摄六根,净念相继”,实是念佛的要道。

二、欣厌念。就是正念时要有意识地加以取舍,欣取极乐,厌舍婆婆,在无生中,炽然求生,念念之间,欣厌具足。久之,自然一句佛号提起,悲欣交集,浑身洒脱;且将自然渐渐入于不取不舍,《妙宗钞》所谓“取舍若极,与不取舍亦非异辙。”

三、勇猛念。凡自觉业习厚重,念力无法提起,这时要勇猛着力,譬如大敌当前,只有奋勇抵抗,虽枪林弹雨,义无返顾;又如孝顺之子,为报杀亲深仇,虽磷途虎窟,心不退怯。

四、悲忆念。这譬如他乡游子,久离慈母,客路颠沛,悲忆不止。《楞严经》说:“若众生心,忆佛念佛,现前当来,必定见佛,去佛不远,不假方便,自得心开。”

总之,能把全部心力,用在一句佛号上,自心起念,还念自心,日积月累,功夫纯熟,自然心心流入真觉果海,念念冥契客观实相,将成就一行三昧,而满九品往生的本愿!

丙 论修持方法的统一性

上 面我已介绍了各种实践的方法,这些方法,虽然在下手的时候,各有不同,但从修持方法的本质上来讲,却是法法可以融通,因为一切修法,总不出我们现前一念的 心,心究竟没有什么差别的啊!但假使不加以说明,也很可能使读者“这山望见那山高”,流弊所至,必将影响专一修学的信心,因此我觉得有加以论述其统一性的 必要。

首 先,我想把上面所说的参禅、观心、修密、念佛四个修持方法的名称来会通一下。在正“参”时,就寓有“观”的作用;观也就是“念”,因为观外无念,念外无 观;至于观、念和参又都是“修”,这四个动词,无非都是能修的心。所谓“禅”是指真如“心”而言;真如心也就是“佛”;诸佛的三“密”,究竟不离于觉心, 这四个名词,无非都是所修的心。这样说来,四种名称,意义上没有不同,名以表实,实际上岂非一样。

其 次,一切修法,能修所修,都离不开自性,自性就是真、俗、中的三谛,从性起修,就是空、假、中的三观。从空门入手的,但真空不空;从有门入手的,但妙有不 有。正因为是缘起,所以说性空;正因为是性空,所以能缘起。可见修一切法门,愈空就愈有,愈有就愈空,圆融无碍,互相资成,究竟归于中道。所以永明大师 说:“即相之性,用不离体,即性之相,体不离用。”《三千有门颂》说:“不思议假非偏假,此假本具一切法,真空不空非但空,圆中圆满非但中”。

虚 云大师说:“所谓话头,即是一念未生之际,一念才生,已成话尾。”又说:“时时刻刻、单单的的一念回光返照这‘不生不灭’(自性),就叫做看话头。”所谓 观心,也就是观照这不生不灭的自性,蓦直照去,三观任运现前,三观现时,就是自性三谛现。可见参禅与观心,原是相同的。又所谓净土,原不离自性清净心,当 体无心,就是净土。所以《维摩诘经》说:“宝积当知直心是菩萨净土,菩萨成佛时,不馅众生来生其国;深心是菩萨净土,菩萨成佛时,具足功德众生来生其国; 菩提心是菩萨净土,菩萨成佛时,大乘众生来生其国”。《宗镜录》说:“自心遍一切处,所以若见他佛,即是自佛。”无生即生,生即无生,禅是净上之禅,净上 是禅之净土。这样参禅与念佛,亦并无二样。又一声佛号,能念的体本来空寂,所念的佛也无形相,这就是空观;一句佛号,虽能所俱寂,但不妨能念分明,所念宛 然,这就是假观;一声佛号,当能所俱寂时,即能所宛然,正能所宛然时,即能所俱寂,空假互存互泯,这就是中观。所以温陵禅师说:“念佛一声,入三观门。” 可见念佛与观心,也没有差别。

密 咒为法身如来的真实言,虽为三密瑜伽的口密,但在显教的各种修法中,也普遍应用,最普遍的,像往生、准提、大悲,楞严等咒,而一句弥陀也正同无上密咒。 (南无阿弥陀佛,本为南无阿迷达补达耶的化音,)且净宗观想于西方三圣,等于密宗的观想本尊,净宗以弥陀、观音为主体,密宗也未尝离却弥陀、观音;而且极 乐世界所显种种清净庄严的事相,正是密宗所谓“当相即道,即事而真”,都显现理事无碍、事事无碍境界。此外,一般坐禅,也常用法界定印,(就是两手仰掌, 右按左上,二大指头相拄。也叫十方诸佛定印。)以助定力。至于密法的观想于四种有相曼荼罗(大、三昧那、法、谒磨四种)是从空之中而起妙假(即空即中之 假,叫做妙假。)会归于中道实际。以般若为佛母,处处提示谛观净菩提心,入于阿字本不生际。又修密法中大圆满的“澈却”(意即立断)和无相密乘“心中心” 等,正与禅有相通之点。可见显密两教,在修持仪式上虽有差别,从实践方法上来讲,也有其互通的地方。

念 佛三昧,可有三种分别:一、专念自佛;二、专念他佛;三、念自他佛,观心、参禅是专念自佛,以六根为所观所参念,以妙观察智相应心品为能观能参,观这现前 一念的心,竖则穷于时间,横则遍于空间,非有非空,不生不灭,具足百界千如的三千诸法,与一切诸佛,平等不二。渐渐积功累德,便能圆伏五住烦恼,进而使六 根清净,豁破无明,入于般若、解脱、法身的三德秘藏(即自性的体、相、用)。又像《摩诃般若经》说:“菩萨摩诃萨念佛,不以色念,不以受、想、行、识 念,……是诸法自性空故,自性空,则无所念,无所念故,是为念佛。”净土修法是专念他佛,以第六识摄持六根,专注观念于弥陀的名号、相好或依报,使眼所见 都是佛色,耳所闻都是佛声,以至意所攀缘的也都是佛法。禅净双修是念自他佛,先须大开圆解,彻悟本来,了知心、佛、众生,自、他、依、正,本来不二,然后 托彼佛的果德,显我本具的理性。而且只要具足信愿,那么参禅、持咒都是净土资粮。又修密法,也是念自他佛,行者住于三密相应的妙行时,本尊的加持力和自己 本具的德能,互相配合融入,而于行者的肉身上,示现诸佛的德相。可见一切法门,原不出念佛的范围,而净土法门,乃成为一切诸法汇归的法海。

根据上面的说明,我们只要就性之相近,来修任何一法,即具足一切法味,既不必见异思迁,也不要争论胜劣。药无贵贱,能愈病的就是妙药,法无高下,能契机时即是妙法。

此 外,大乘佛法的真精神,不仅仅以解脱一己的生死苦恼为满足,而当以慈愍众生、利乐他人为重心。换句话说:自利只是利人的手段,利人才是自利的目的;但是所 谓利人,实际上又何尝不是用万行来严净自性的刹土。像《华严经》说:“以大慈水饶益众生,则能成就诸佛菩萨智慧华果。”《大乘起信论》说:“譬如大摩尼 宝,体性明净,而有矿秽之垢。若人虽念宝性,不以方便种种磨治,终得无净。如是众生真如之法,体性空净,而有无量烦恼染垢。若人虽念真如,不以方便种种熏 修,亦无得净,以垢无量遍一切法故,修一切善行以为对治。若人修一切善法,自然归顺真如法故。”所以我们既决心实践佛法,必须以四宏誓愿为根本,随分随力 逐步修习六度四摄等广大微妙行门,做好自利利人工作:

一、布施度,就是以财施利济他人,解其急难;以法施化导有情,教育群众;以无畏施协助众生,拔诸灾横。

二、持戒度,就是以摄律仪戒,从消极方面禁制恶行,造成严肃的生活;以摄善法戒,从积极方面摄受、学习一切智慧德行,培养优秀的品质;以饶益有情戒,把利人的悲愿,积极地贯彻到实际行动中去。

三、安忍度,就是不但能忍受别人对我的侮辱怨害,大量包容,不生瞋恨,而且能安受众苦,与坚苦的环境奋斗,所谓“动心忍性,增益其所不能。”四、精进度,就是对自利利人工作,要能刚毅果敢,困知勉行,不骄不怠,精进不退。

五、禅定度,就是要做寂定工夫,使散漫纷乱的主观思惟,能专注一境,心力统一集中,随遇一境,便凝集于境而得解脱。

六、般若度,就是由定力所启发的觉照力量,对于宇宙人生的事事物物,能了了观察,发挥其应付无穷的差别作用,而能不违反其共通的真理。

其次,所谓四摄:

一、布施,就是关心别人的生活,予以物质上的帮助。

二、爱语,就是以慈爱慰喻的言词,使众生生欢喜心而受感化。

三、利行,就是对一切身、语、意的行动,都从有利于人的观点出发,自易生出感召的力量。

四、同事,就是深入群众,接近群众,共同工作,以身作则,使人们归信大法。

《华严经》说:“了达自身及以众生本来寂灭,不惊不怖,而勤修福智,无有厌足!”这样,妙行云兴,万善同资,探华严的性海,入一真的法界,又是一切大乘行者,所须勉力学习,共同遵循的道路!


六 实践的过程

甲 除习气的过程

实 践佛法的过程,也就是降伏、断除烦惑习气的过程,习气除到怎样的程度,就是开发佛知佛见到了怎样程度。所谓习气,原是自心的虚妄作用,有善、恶、无记的三 性,是由六尘缘影的妄心,数数熏习造作而成。我们现在既要断除烦恼习气,还得从烦恼习气上下手,躲避压制是绝对无用的;而且习气是往往随人事而发露,因此 借一切顺逆人事来磨练,把病苦作良药,把患难作解脱,甚至“受恶骂如饮甘露,遇横逆如获至宝”,历境验心,刻苦忍受,实是除习气的重要关键。二祖开悟以 后,韬光混迹,或入酒肆,或习街谈,正是做这个除习气功夫。我们平时的习性,不论好坏善恶,凡是执着不舍,不易化除的,就是苦恼生死的根本,便应用大精进 力、大忍耐力,常常与自己习气战斗,练个无住无着的功夫,由小战而大战,由小胜而大胜,学习再学习,深入又深入,才是成佛作祖的样子。《华严经》说:“善 观诸法,慧根增长,勇猛精进,摧伏众魔,无量智慧,威光炽盛。”

“理 可顿悟,事须渐修”,除习气当然不是一件简单的事情,而且在实践过程中,功力愈深,习气翻腾出来也愈多,它常会忽然而来,突然兴起,如果不经过长久的努力 磨练,督饬照顾,决不能一觉便直下顿消,必得用种种善巧方便,使它销落,这正是力量和功夫的问题。概括说来,除习气有下列的过程:一般人们终日烦恼妄想, 认妄作真,总是坠入于主观的迷阵而不自知。一旦因痛苦而感觉,知妄想习气为害不浅,方肯修习佛法,来作对治。但在初修时,其意境必定是半信半疑,忽明忽 昧,只有理解,没有事证,说戒则偏于事相,说定则执于死定,说慧则用禅门的口习,习气来时,仍无力和它相抗,正是“说时则有,用时则无”。经过专精地修习 佛法,千百次的磨练、抵抗之后,意境逐步开朗,力量逐步充足,便能悟见自己本来的体性。这时便知一切是非、顺逆、美丑、憎爱等等,无非都是自心的虚妄分别 作用,而能不随其流转,并逐步灭除自己的习气:由粗重转轻微;由长时转短时;由浓厚转平淡;由大事转小事;由勉强转自然;由无力转有力;由着意转不觉。总 之,习气之根,已经拔松,不像过去的坚固执着。这样,再继续不断以般若扫除习气,定慧力便日益强盛,有沛然莫之能御的情况,对自己习气,能处处圆照,时时 成觉,自性渐渐成为一浑然圆明的整体,寂寂然了无一念,却又活泼泼地不可思议,不必去着意收摄,自然能心不散乱,习气来时,一转就了不可得,无可捉模,迷 固捉不着,觉也摸不到,无动无静,非凡非圣,超然于思议之外,这正是所谓“圆觉”。

修 一切法门,离不开觉照,因心和境相接时,不照就不转,不转就不空,不空就不定,不定就不慧。在扫除习气过程中,觉照力量的进步,可分为下列几个层次:一、 心起在前,觉照在后,且必须竭力提起;二、虽觉照在起心之后,但提起可不甚费力;三、起心时就能觉照,但还是略有先后;四、起心时,觉照也同时而起;五、 觉照在前,心念在后,但也有时忘照;六、觉照能时时在前,但还是顾及觉照(以上在用功地);七、不知有照,却未离照,明知有境,本来无碍;八、入于常寂常 照的地步。我们可以考问自己,究竟到了那一种境界。

乙 阶段和位次

关 于觉性显发的过程,假使用教理来说明其位次,那么各经所说,各有广略开合的不同。像《仁王般若经》说五十一位;《璎珞经》加上“等觉”说五十二位;《楞严 经》加三渐次、乾慧地及暖、顶、忍、世第一等位,共说六十位;《大日经》则依十住心而说十位,及说十地的十位。天台智者大师,将流入此土的一代化导众生的 佛法,根据时机说教的深浅,释成藏、通、别、圆四教。现在我把圆教断惑的程度和所证入的位次,来扼要介绍一下,以供修学同仁的参考。

根据天台智者大师的发挥,把自性觉悟的过程,分为六个阶段(六即佛)。

一、理即佛,就是说一切众生虽然迷惑颠倒,生死浩浩,但就其不思议理性的本体来说,随拈一法,无非法界,本来智慧觉照,与佛不二。

二、名字即佛,就是说:我们从经卷或师友处,闻到自性是佛的名字,因而能通达悟解,明白一色一香,无非中道,也就是说,了知一切法不离自性,一切法皆是佛法。在这一阶段,就是教家所谓大开圆解,宗下所谓彻见本来。

三、现行即佛,就是由名字位大开圆解之后,即起妙观,境观相资,正式修持的时候。在这一阶段,已能圆伏见、思、无明的烦恼,就是圆教的五品弟子位,也叫做外凡位。

四、 相似即佛,就是这时气分已经与佛接近。这一阶段就是圆教的十信位,也叫内凡位和六根清净位。到初信位时,是已断了见惑,不再有疑、邪见、身见、边见、见取 见及戒禁取见等的妄见,这时便不再退转凡夫之位,叫做位不退;到七信位时,是已断了思惑,不再有贪、瞋、痴、慢等的妄情(见、思惑是粗惑),修持到这一地 步,便脱离了三界分段的生死流转,出凡圣同居土,而生方便有余土;到十信位时,是已断了三界内外的尘沙惑(尘沙惑是细惑),这时能应病与药,以若尘若沙的 无量法门,度无量众生,悲智双运,利济众生而不怯弱,叫做行不退。

五、 分证即佛,这一阶段,就是圆教的十住、十行、十回向、十地、等觉等位次,也叫做圣位。由十信位断尘沙惑后,进破无明的一品(无明惑是微细惑),就到了初住 位,居于实报无障碍土,也分证常寂光土,从此亲见佛性,得真智不动的无生忍力,中道正念,永不退失,叫做念不退;(这是大乘的见道位,小乘断见惑的初果, 便叫见道位。)以后破除一品无明,就证到一分觉性,到等觉位共破四十一品无明。

六、 究竟即佛,就是到等觉位,更破一品生相无明之后,便成为究竟妙觉的佛,居于究竟常寂光土,也叫上上实报无障碍土,这样才算彻底成就了清净的法身,彻证了圆 满的真理。(圆教一行一切行,一位一切位,所以本无位次,就以“六即”为位次。所说五品弟子位,依《法华经》,其余依《璎珞经》,是借用别教的。)

此 外,我们再把念佛九品往生的情况来说明一下。凡具足真信切愿,但念时仍散乱的,是下品下生;念时散乱渐少的,是下品中生;念时便不散乱的,是下品上生;以 上虽还没有断见思惑,但能生安养的同居土(极乐四土都是清净的),一得往生,就是位不退。(其他的教相中,必须断见惑,才谈得到位不退。)若能在一切时, 念念相续,不散乱、不昏沉,在事上念到一心不乱的,便同断见思惑的罗汉,是中辈三品生,生安养的方便土。若能体究到万法皆如,心佛不二,在理上念到一心不 乱的,便同破无明惑的大士,是上辈三品生,生安养的实报和寂光土。这里也可见念佛法门的可浅可深、圆融普摄、利钝全收的优越性了。

丙 成就正觉的时间问题

在 佛法上对于成就正觉的时间问题,根据自始至终有系统的说法,须经三阿僧祇劫,这譬如读书由小学、中学而大学,必经一定的时间和程序,不能越级超登。经历十 信、十住、十行、十回向等位次,为第一阿僧祇劫;从初地至七地为第二阿僧祇劫;从八地以后为第三阿僧祇劫(依别教位次)。

所 谓阿僧,意译为无央数,正是说时劫的久远,我们就自性上烦恼垢污所积的深厚来说,当然必须有相当修治的时间,原是可以理解的。但这不过是就一般教义普遍性 的说法,实际上,佛法并没有一定的时间相,要看各人执着深浅、学法因缘和主观努力的不同,来决定其成就的迟迷;而且学佛一事,原不能只就今生一个时期来论 断,所以不要作一般情见上的呆板执定。像密宗对这三劫,就不取其时间的意义,而是配合于粗、细、微细的三种妄执。根据密宗教义,那些夙植深厚、上根利智的 人,由于用自宗不共的异胜方便,得三密他力的加持,现行又能苦到精纯,这样,在一生中修完一切学程,顿断三种妄执,即身开、示、悟、入佛知佛见,并非完全 不可能,正像有些学校读完一定的学分,即得结业,而不限定其时间。(应当指出,既说“夙植深厚”,可见过去也曾修学,仍有积渐成顿的意义。)此外,密宗有 三种即身成佛的说法:一、理具的即身成佛,就是说明我们的身心,本是大日、金刚两部的本体,换句话说,除我们现前肉身之外,更没有本觉的体性,这正相当于 台宗“六即”中的理即佛;二、加持的即身成佛,就是我们本具的自性功能,与觉者三密的加持力相应,互相融会贯通,便能即身表现觉者超然的动作,显示本尊所 具的德相,这大略相当于六即中的相似即佛;三、显得的即身成佛,就是由于自身成就三密妙行,而能显发本具的万德,圆成自性的实相,这便相当于“六即”中的 分证和究竟即佛,所以密宗“即身成佛”的意义,正与台宗“即佛”的圆义,有其共通的地方。

此 外,禅宗又有“见性成佛”的说法,由于宗下是圆顿教,直截根源,先破无明,而粗垢也随之脱落,所谓一断一切断,本来没有位次,也不取时间相;且见性之后, 一切便易于为力,所以见性时,就是成佛时。《华严经》说:“初发心时,即得阿耨多罗三藐三菩提,知一切法即心自性,成就慧身,不由他悟。”正是圆顿的教 相。不过就事修上来说,同一明心见性,而有透破初关、重关、末关的不同,这三关正是除粗惑、细惑、微细惑的各阶段。

至于净土法门,以生佛感应,如磁石吸铁的力量,使即生往生为目的。一得往生,由于境缘殊胜,就可由一位不退而圆证三不退,由一同居土而横超上三土,一生便得成就,中途并无留碍,这正是净土法门的殊胜和圆满!

总 结以上论述,禅密诸宗所说,是不取时间相,先后不二,有力承当,视为当然,正是“六而常即”;而一般教义,则是示修证的宏轨,又是“即而常六”,理事不 二,本来圆通。我们正不必偏执一面,怀疑莫决,但事耕耘,不问收获,虚空有尽,我愿无穷,百福庄严,自致成佛,实是我们实践佛法的正确方向!


七 后记

我 已将有关佛法的一些实践问题,作了如上的介绍,不但一知半解,未尽其妙,而且既落言诠,岂是究竟,徒然扰乱学者的净心,正是作者的罪过!但愿修学同仁,因 指见月,勿生执着,由行而证,不尚空谈。我们不但要在佛法实践中,提炼智慧,发掘潜力,并将使伟大的佛法,传灯无尽,在广大法界中,永远发挥其济度群生、 利乐有情的作用,尽未来际,无尽!无尽!文毕,回向说:

我写此文 严净佛土 上报四恩 下济三途

见者闻者 度人自度 尽此报身 共生乐土

耳根圆通法门

耳根圆通法门



元音老人主讲

一九九四年十二月讲于深圳

甲、修证法要

乙、保任证道要诀


◎甲、修证法要


观世音菩萨于“楞严经”耳根圆通章中对我们说:‘初于闻中,入流亡所。所入既寂,动静二相,了然不生。如是渐增,闻所闻尽。尽闻不住,觉所觉空。空觉极圆,空所空灭。生灭既灭,寂灭现前。忽然超越,世出世间,十方圆明,获二殊胜...’。


我们修法用观世音菩萨耳根圆照,返闻闻自性的方法来做功夫最易得力。因为我们娑婆世界的众生,耳根在六根中最灵敏、最锐利。用之修行,故极易成就。我们在修法时要一切放下,集中心力倾听自己心念咒的无声之声,要一字一字听得分明,才能把整个身心—六根(眼、耳、鼻、舌、身、意)全都摄牢而不起妄念,从而证入三昧,打开本来,亲见佛性。我们修心中心密法,就是把大势至菩萨和观世音菩萨两位菩萨的用功法门合起来进行的。大势至菩萨教导我们念佛时说:念佛须‘都摄六根,净念相继’。我们现在用观世音菩萨所选择的六根中最利的耳根,统摄其他五根的方法来绵密持咒,也就是照大势至菩萨所说‘都摄六根,净念相继’的教导法修行。这样就把两大菩萨的用功方法合为一体来进行了,故最易成就。现在让我们来对照一下观世音菩萨是怎么用功观照成就的。他说:


‘初于闻中,入流亡所。’观世音菩萨最初用功夫是用耳根返观自己能闻声音的闻性。而我们持咒时心念耳闻也是同样的返观自性。当我们持咒时,静听每个咒文的字音,就把整个身心置于闻性之流了,将身心放于能闻的法性当中去,就是‘入流’。‘入流’有几种解法,其中一种讲法是一个耳朵听进去,从另一个耳朵出来,意指入进去就流掉,不停在心里面,照字羲上解也讲得通。另一种说法是入流就是‘逆流’,意指声音来了不顺音声流浪,不跟声音跑,这也讲得好。(初初的入流方法是不跟声音跑)。正确的解释‘入流’应该是将整个身心置于闻性之流—置于能闻声音的法性当中去。‘亡所’就是外面的客观环境(如声音)就全都消融了,能做到‘入流亡所’,身心就定下来啦,不为外界环境干扰了。所以做功夫第一步要做到心念耳闻,才能抓住妄念不随之流浪,才能入定。观世音菩萨接下来讲:


‘所入既寂,动静二相,了然不生。’就是我们做功夫做到能念之心停息了,妄念不动,咒语念不出来,要勉强提也提不出来。这时候就不要再提咒语了。‘所入既寂’ 就是我们的妄心寂然不动了。念头停止不妄动,那就没有什么动静二相了。动静二相是相对而有的,既没有什么动、乱,故也没有静寂了。‘了然不生’者,虽然没有动静二相,但是,不是如木石一般的没有知觉,而是了然不生。我们用功处于定中时咒语就不必再提,只静静地看著它,看这一念不生,寂静而了然的是谁?此时动静二相虽然了然不生,但是还没有化空,还有不生的一念在。再进一步,观世音菩萨告诉我们:


‘如是渐增,闻所闻尽。’这时候功夫已做到闻与所闻统统没有了,处于寂静的禅定中非常快乐,非常轻安宁静,非世间乐事可与媲美。但不能停留在此乐境中,一有留住就不能前进见不到本性了。我们做功夫到这地步,往往发一点小神通,便沾沾自喜,以为到了家,哪知还相差甚远,所以观世音菩萨接下来说:



‘尽闻不住,觉所觉空。’假如此时我们放大光明,或见佛菩萨现身,乃至其他许多的神妙境界,都不可动心,都不能理睬他,一有住著,非但不能见性,还有著魔的危险。假如出现什么恶境界或鬼魔现前也不要惊怖,这些现象都是虚妄相并非实有。一者可能是业障幻现,二者或许是护法神考验你,看你幻境当前动不动心。总之,这都是假相,不要怕,也不要理他就无事了。‘尽闻不住,觉所觉空’简单地说,就是当能闻与所闻净尽而深入禅定得某些乐受或小神通时都不能住在这里面而裹足不前。要一点境界都不住—不论什么善境界恶境界都不住,将其化空。更进一步将‘尽闻不住’之觉也化空,才能将能觉之心与所觉之境完全空掉。因为能觉与所觉还是相对的妄觉,不空掉它是不能见性的。但妄觉化空还有空在,空仍是幻影,而且有能空与所空相对的幻觉,这就是无始无明,也须照破它。所以观世音菩萨进一步说:


‘空觉极圆,空所空灭。’就是能空所空—相对的幻妄都消灭了,达到一丝不挂,一法不立,净裸裸、赤洒洒的境界,才能彻见真心。我们修法修到极处,忽然能念之心与所念之咒或者能观之心与所观之境一时脱落,这是好消息到来的时刻。此时乃千钧一发之机亟须猛著精彩,看这无心可心,了了分明的是谁?还是自己本来面目否?稍一停机伫思,即被它影子所惑;如当机立断一把擒来,即亲证本性矣。但修道人往往错认空顶好,一点都没有最安静,住在空上,不思前进。殊不知这是一条岔路,一著空就落于‘无记’—死在那里就完了。禅宗诃斥住空的行人为‘黑山背后鬼窟里,冷水泡石头。’这种人是永远不会见性的。所以空也须消灭掉。进一步才能达到—


‘生灭既灭,寂灭现前。’的境界,才能见到本性。所谓‘生灭’是指一切事、一切物、一切相、一切念头,因为这些都是有生灭的。这些生灭的东西都消尽、外加空也消殒了,那不生不灭、不动不摇、不来不去、不增不减的佛性才能现前,这才是真证见本性。我们修法修到能所双亡—能念之心、所念之咒一时脱落,内而身心、外而世界一起消殒,虚空也粉碎时,就豁然开朗亲证本性了。


那么证见本性后是否就完全到家了呢?也没有,因我们多生历劫的积习深重,非上上根人不能一悟就彻的,尚须历境练心,消尽妄习,才能挥发神通,圆证佛果。得有个‘理属顿悟,事则渐修’的过程,所以还要做绵密保任功夫,除尽妄习,才能大放光明,朗照十方,证到观世音菩萨所证的‘十方圆明’的胜果。


◎乙、保任证道要诀


一、一念不生处,了了分明的灵知即当人的佛性。学人果能于此不惊不怖、深信不疑,立定脚跟,安住保护,净尽妄习,圆证佛果,诚非一佛二佛三四五佛所种善根,而是无量佛所种诸善根。


二、观照就是回光返照,向心内看,不是向外看,观这一念不生处(念头未起处)念头起来就看见,不理睬它,不随之流浪。这一步最要紧。如念头起来看不见,就不行了。证见本性后,要于行、住、坐、卧处观照保护,‘外不为境牵,内不随念转’即为最好的保护法。念起不住,不随之流浪不停,即为无念。不是压念不起,亦不是将一念不生的时间拉长为无念。


三、平时应缘接物,须‘于事无心,于心无事’。就是做事之时无第二念,既无患得患失之心,亦无毁誉成败之念。事情做过了之后心中毫无挂碍,如未做过一样。而不是逃避事情,死住在无事匣里。


四、证见本性后,所有妄心、妄想、妄念皆化为真心的妙用。妙用与妄作的分别即在‘有住’与‘不住’之间,住即妙用化为妄作,不住即妄作摄为妙用。


五、做保任功夫,先须绵密保护,于一切时不忘记,继须于保时不死守,后于不守时能化。


六、能在事境中精勤磨练,于行、住、坐、卧当中不断做去,三、五年决可打成一片,不求神通而神通自发。


七、无所求,无所得,能入佛亦能入魔斯真到家矣。行人往往著在神通上,以为未发神通不为见性。这是极大的错误。须知能立稳脚跟不为妖言魔语所惑,时时处处潇潇洒洒、自自在在,得真实受用,即是最大神通。


八、心地法门,是诞生王子。在心地上做功夫,将来一定成佛。其他任何有相殊胜法门,俱系外围功勋位,纵或发什么大神通,也只能立功受奖俯首称臣,而不能成佛。

七佛灭罪真言

七佛灭罪真言:离婆离婆帝、求诃求诃帝、陀罗尼帝、尼诃啰帝、毗离尼帝、摩诃迦帝、真陵乾帝、娑婆诃。


QUOTE:
七佛灭罪真言出自‘大方等陀罗尼经’之记载,世尊应文殊师利法王子询问:“如世尊去世后若有人所犯重罪当如何?”佛陀告知此过去七佛所传诵之陀罗尼真言,其功效足以消除前世今生之四重五逆重罪,是佛陀为了众生消除罪业而传下之真言,尔后因佛陀传法之说明所以被称为七佛灭罪真言。

标题:云何为『法华经之全貌』 <网址>

标题:云何为『法华经之全貌』 <网址>
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标题:云何为『法华经之全貌』
众所周知:『法华经』者,《妙法莲华经》
【序品第一】。谓佛在耆阇崛山,先说无量义经,次入无量义定,眉光东照万八千土,弥勒疑问,文殊述往事以释之。
(二) 【方便品第二】。谓世尊出定,告舍利弗,诸佛方便不可思议,唯佛与佛,乃能知之,即止不说。舍利弗三请,五千增上慢者退席,乃唱唯一大事,所谓开示悟入佛之知见,一切皆当作佛,实无三乘。
(三) 【譬喻品第三】。授舍利弗记,说火宅喻。
(四) 【信解品第四】。须菩提,迦旃延,大迦叶,目犍连,领解佛旨,说穷子喻。
(五) 【药草喻品笫五】。佛印四人所说,而推广之。
(六) 【授记品第六】。授大迦叶等四人记。
(七) 【化城喻品第七】。先说大通智胜佛时,十六王子覆讲结缘事,次说化城喻。
(八) 【五百弟子授记品第八】。富楼那为上首,五百弟子皆得受记,说系珠喻。
(九) 【授学无学人记品第九】。阿难,罗[目*候]罗为上首。
(十) 【法师品第十】。佛因药王菩萨,告八万大士,持此经,速得佛。并说凿井喻。
(十一) 【见宝塔品第十一】。多宝佛塔从地涌出,大声赞善,释迦如来以神力,三变净土,分身诸佛咸集,与欲开塔,多宝如来,分半座与释迦同坐,释迦大声唱告劝持。
(十二) 【提婆达多品第十二】。说如来往昔求法,事阿私仙得闻妙法,今授提婆达多大菩提记,与文殊入海弘经,龙女献珠成佛。
(十三) 【持品第十三】。药王大乐说等,各各发愿持经,佛授大爱道及耶输记;又视八十万亿那由他诸菩萨,诸菩萨亦发愿持经。
(十四) 【安乐行品第十四】。文殊请问末世持经方法,佛以身口意誓愿四安乐行答之,兼说轮王髻珠喻。
(十五) 【从地涌出品第十五】。六万恒沙菩萨,各将眷属,从地涌出,大众怀疑,弥勒兴问。
(十六) 【如来寿量品第十六】。佛自明成道已来甚久,以释众疑,说医王喻。
(十七) 【分别功德品第十七】。明在会闻法获益之多,及明五品弟子功德。
(十八) 【随喜功德品第十八】。
(十九) 【法师功德品第十九】。明法师得六根清净。
(二十) 【常不轻菩萨品第二十】。明往古比丘,以随喜行,得净六根,速成佛道。
(二十一) 【如来神力品第二十一】。出广长舌,放毛孔光。謦欬弹指,声遍十方。 
(二十二) 【嘱累品第二十二】。三摩众菩萨顶而嘱付之。
(二十三) 【药王菩萨本事品第二十三】。宿王华菩萨请问,佛为说一切众生喜见菩萨然身然臂事。
(二十四) 【妙音菩萨品第二十四】。佛放眉间光,照东方世界,召此菩萨来作佛事。
(二十五) 【观世音菩萨普门品第二十五】。无尽意菩萨请问,佛为说十四无畏,三十二应,种种功德。
(二十六) 【陀罗尼品第二十六】。菩萨及天神等各各说咒,护法。
(二十七) 【妙庄严王本事品第二十七】。明往古净德夫人,净藏净眼二子,同化父王见佛。
(二十八) 【普贤菩萨劝发品第二十八】。佛为普贤重示四法,普贤说咒謢持。
由此观之,此一部经,乃如来究竟极谈,具明施设一代时教所以然之线索,如家业之有总帐簿,如天子之有九鼎也,非精研智者大师《玄义文句》,不尽此经之奥,仍须以荆溪尊者《释签妙乐》辅之。何以故?盖妙者,妙名不可思议也。法者,十界十如权实之法也。莲华者,譬权实法也。良以妙法难解,假喻易彰,况意多端,略拟前后,合成六也:一为莲故华,譬为实施权。二华敷,譬开权,莲现,譬显实。三华落,譬废权,莲成,譬立实,又一为莲譬于本,华譬于迹,从本垂迹,迹依于本。二华敷,譬开迹,莲现,譬显本。三华落,譬废迹,莲成,譬立本。是以先标妙法,次喻莲华。荡化城之执教,废草庵之滞情,开方便之权门,示真实之妙理,会众善之小行,归广大之一乘。上中下根皆与记冚,又发众圣之权巧,显本地之幽微,故增道损生,位邻大觉,一期化导,事理俱圆,莲华之譬,意在斯矣。
总而言之,此经明一切新学菩萨,欲求大乘,超过一切诸菩萨,疾成佛道,须持戒、忍辱、精进、勤修禅定,专心勤修法华三昧,观一切众生皆如佛想。如同偈云:「菩萨学法华,具足二种行:一者无相行。二者有相行。无相四安乐,甚深妙禅定。观察六情根,诸法本来净。众生性无垢,无本亦无净。不修对治行,自然超众圣。无师自然觉,不由次第行。」『无相行』者,一切诸法中,心相寂灭,毕竟不生,行住坐卧,饮食语言,一切威仪,心常定故。诸余禅定,三界次第,从欲界地,未到地,初禅地,乃至非非想处地,有十一种差别不同。有法无法二道为别,是阿毗昙杂心圣行,若安乐行中深妙禅定。即不如此,不依止欲界,不住色无色行,如是禅定,是菩萨遍行,毕竟无心想故,名无相行。『有相行』者,如《劝发品》中,专念法华文字,精进不卧,如救头然,若行成就,即见普贤等,得三陀罗尼,若顾身命,贪四事供养,不能勤修,经劫不得。愿与诸仁者共勉之!2006年12月31日,
妙音书院【http://blog.xuite.net/famscl/a 】

understand the Buddha -field is immense


bohiruci
Senior Member

Joined: 16 Oct 2004
Posts: 1830



Send Message 13 January 2007 · 07:58 PM
in the Pureland Buddhism , one must understand the Buddha -field is immense
and only does one realise the magnitude of the assembly of Buddhas and Bodhisattva ,one readily accept thats one's possess the inert potential to become Buddha


If one keep on holding the fact of Amitabha Buddha or Sakyamuni Buddha and held in scant regard of all other Bodhisattva ,then the magnitude of one's heart diminish ,and thus one not able to enjoin with the Lotus Sea Assembly of Buddha and Bodhisattva

标题:云何为『修念佛三昧之利益』 <网址>

标题 众所周知:菩萨所修行六波罗蜜中之『禅定波罗蜜』是度散乱的。盖众生是心性散
乱,妄想纷飞,心猿意马,到处奔驰,刹那刹那,念念不停,故菩萨修行『禅定』,
能够度脱散乱之心。禅定意译为『静虑』,即是寂照之意思,又称为『三昧』『三
摩地』,其种类无量无边,但可总结为『世间禅』『出世间禅』『出世间上上禅』
三大类。就修行净土宗『念佛法门』者而言,最重要者即是『念佛三昧』,亦可称
为『阿弥陀佛现前三昧』。至於云何为『修念佛三昧之利益』?依《释净土群疑论》
开示:斯益(指『修念佛三昧之利益』)也无量无边,备在花严贤护经等,广陈其
益,岂兹能述,然略举六项以相显示。何等为六?即
(一) 【见圣众者】。如《贤护经》说:「善男子善女人,端坐系念,专心想彼阿
弥陀佛,如是相好,如是威仪,如是大众,如是说法,如闻系念,一心相续,次第
不乱,或经一日一夜如是,或至七日七夜,必睹阿弥陀如来,若昼时不见,或睡梦
中必当见也。」
(二) 【闻正法者】。以见阿弥陀佛,世尊为说甚深妙法,谓:「一切法,本来不
坏,亦无坏者,如不坏色,乃至不坏识等诸阴,闻如是等大乘言教。」
(三) 【灭重罪者】。《观佛三昧海经》言:「此三昧,是一切众生犯戒者药,破
戒者护,失道者导,盲瞑者眼,愚疑者慧,黑□者灯,烦恼贼中,是勇猛将。」又
下经言:「如来今者,为未来世五苦众生,犯戒比丘,不善恶人,五逆诽谤,行十
六种恶律仪者,为如是等,说除罪法。」
(四) 【生净土者】。《华严经》言:「念佛三昧必见佛,命终之后生佛前,见彼
临终劝念佛,又示尊像令瞻敬。」又《观经》言:「行此三昧者,现身得见无量寿
佛及二大士,观音势至而为胜友当坐道场,生诸佛家。」
(五) 【诸定根本者】。《观佛三昧海经》说:「诸大三昧始出生处。」
(六) 【当成佛者】。《贤护经》说:「彼於当来必得成佛,号曰善觉如来,又贤
护菩萨,以一百二十问问世尊,菩萨具足成就何等三昧,而能得彼大功德聚?如是
一百二十问,乃至问,云何当得一刹那时间行,即能遍至一切诸佛前?即复云何当
得住此佛刹,遍见一切十方诸佛,听闻正法供养众僧?非但未得出世六通,而实未
得世间五通,而亦未舍此世界身,亦无生彼诸佛国土,唯住此土,见余世界诸佛世
尊,悉闻诸佛所宣正法,一切听受,如说修行,譬如今时圣者阿难,於世尊前亲闻
法已,皆悉受持?佛告贤护:有三昧名曰『思惟诸佛现前三昧』,若有菩萨,具足
修习如是三昧,当得成就如上所问诸功德等,贤护当知,更有无量无边胜上功德,
说不可尽,故知,此三昧所获胜利,卒陈难尽。」
由此观之,吾等学佛修道者若能修得『念佛三昧』,将能获得如是『六项』功德。
何以故?盖吾等学佛修道须先持戒律,净化其身(善护身业,不失律仪)、口(善
护口业,不讥他过)、意(善护意业,清净无染)三业,其次布施修福,闻经修慧,
敬师如佛,进而系心一佛,专持名字(最好持念 阿弥陀佛),随佛方所(例如西方),
端身正念,能於一佛,念念相续。即是念中,能见过去,未来,现在诸佛。念一佛
功德无量无边,亦如无量诸佛功德无二。这一不可思议佛法,等无分别,皆乘一如,
成最正觉,悉具无量功德,无量辩才,将能入如是『念佛三昧』。
总而言之,遍寻大藏经典及古今中外公案,为了脱生死,超出三界,或由『戒』解
脱者;或由『定』解脱者;或由『慧』解脱者。然而吾人身处此五浊之娑婆世界,
又进入末法时期之今日,障道因缘层出不穷,是故要想了脱生死,超出三界,诚非
易事,除须常礼佛、念佛、拜忏,冀望感应道交,能得如是『念佛三昧』,放光加
持消三障诸烦恼,由定慧等持不偏一边,晓了思维,解诸结缚,经闻、思、修三慧
齐行,方能进而证得『阿耨多罗三藐三菩提』。愿与诸仁者共勉之!Wednesday, November
02, 2005
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标题:云何为『兜率与西方净土之同异』

标题:云何为『兜率与西方净土之同异』
所谓『净土宗』,有广狭二义,广者包括往生『兜率净土』与其他净土(如东方药
师如来净土),狭义则指往生『西方弥陀净土』。至於云何为『兜率与西方净土之
同异』?依《释净土群疑论》开示:兜率与西方所修之行,有『十五同』『八种异』。
何等十五同?何等八异?兹分述之如下:
(一) 云【十五同】者。即(1)『观行同』。愿生兜率者,《上生经》言:「一
一思惟兜率陀天上妙快乐,作是观者,名为正观,若他观者,名为邪观。」愿生西
方者,《观经》言:「宝地宝树宝池佛菩萨等观,一一观察,作是观者,名为正观,
若他观者,名为邪观。」(2)『持戒同』。《上生经》言:「应持佛禁戒。」《观
经》言:「受持三归,具足众戒,不犯威仪。」(3)『十善同』。《上生经》言:
「思惟十善,行十善道。」《观经》言:「慈心不杀,修行十善。」(4)『忏悔同』。
《上生经》言:「闻是菩萨大悲名字,五体投地,诚心忏悔,是诸恶业速得清净。」
《鼓音声王经》言:「六时专念,五体投地等。」(5)『造立形像有为功德同』。
《上生经》言:「造立形像,香花衣服缯盖幢幡。」《无量寿经》言:「多少修善,
奉持斋戒,起立塔像,饭食沙门,悬缯燃灯,散花烧香。」(6)『圣迎同』。《上
生经》言:「弥勒菩萨放眉间白毫大人相光,与诸天子雨曼陀罗花,来迎此人。」
《观经》言:「阿弥陀佛放大光明,照行者身,与诸菩萨授手迎接。」(7)『称念
同』。《上生经》言:「若一念顷称弥勒名。」《观经》言:「若一念顷称弥陀名,
合掌叉手称南无阿弥陀佛。」(8)『礼拜同』。《上生经》言:「礼拜系念。」
《净土论》言:「身业恭敬门,礼拜弥陀佛。」(9)『回向愿生同』。《上生经》
言:「以此功德回向,愿生弥勒前。」《观经》言:「以此功德回向,愿求生极乐
国。」(10)『读诵经典同』。《上生经》言:『读诵经典。』《观经》言:「读
诵大乘方等经典。」(11)『往生同』。《上生经》言:「譬如壮士屈伸臂顷,即
得往生兜率陀天。」《观经》言:「譬如壮士屈伸臂顷,即生西方极乐世界。」
(12)『见圣同』。《上生经》言:「值遇弥勒。」《观经》言:「见佛色身众相
具足。」(13)『归敬同』。《上生经》言:「头面作礼。」《观经》言:「即下
金台,礼佛合掌。」(14)『闻法同』。《上生经》言:「未举头顷便得闻法。」
《观经》言:「光明宝林演说妙法。」(15)『不退同』。《上生经》言:「即於
无上道得不退转。」《阿弥陀经》言:「众生生者皆是阿□跋致。」
(二) 云【八异】者。即(1)『本愿异』。往生兜率,弥勒本无誓愿,往生西方,
法藏比丘发四十八愿,无愿若自浮度水,有愿若乘舟而游;(2)『光明异』。作兜
率业,慈氏神光不来摄受,修西方业者,阿弥陀佛白毫毛孔圆光相好光明等一切神
光,皆照念佛众生,摄取不舍,光照如昼日之游,无光似暗中来往;(3)『守护异』。
兜率业者,慈氏菩萨不来守护,西方业者,《观经》言:「无量寿佛化身无数,与
观世音大势至,常来至此行人之所。」《称赞净土经》言:「必为如是住十方面,
十□伽沙诸佛世尊之所摄受。」《十往生经》言:「佛遣二十五菩萨,常守护行人。」
有护若多人共游不畏强贼所逼,无护以孤游□径必为暴客所侵;(4)『舒舌异』。
上生兜率,无十方诸佛舒舌证,劝西方极乐,有十方种觉舒舌证;(5)『众圣异』。
兜率之业,无有众圣守护,发愿愿生西方,即有花聚菩萨山海慧菩萨发弘誓愿,若
有一众生生西方不尽,我若先去不取正觉;(6)『灭罪异』。《上生经》言:「称
念弥勒,但除千二百劫生死之罪。」《观经》言;「称南无阿弥陀佛,於念念中,
除八十亿劫生死之罪。」(7)『重恶异』。《上生经》言:「若善男子善女人,犯
诸禁戒,造众恶业。」《观经》言:「或有众生,作不善业五逆十恶,具诸不善。」
斯即造五逆罪,不生兜率,然得往生西方净土;(8)『教说异』。言兜率易生西方
难往,此乃凡夫之辈,斟酌佛经,穷之圣典,竟无经说,纵使道穷四果,尚昧衣珠。
位阶十地,犹昏罗谷,况凡夫学侣正习未亡,见修两惑何时暂舍?纵寻圣教,同诸
模象,岂得依之楷定为司南之语哉?然《无量寿经》自有诚教言:「横截五恶趣,
恶趣自然闭,升道无穷极,易往而无人。」此即佛教,显然。
由此观之,如是『十五同』及『八异』,道尽兜率与西方净土之同异,是故如同古
德云:「得知往生西方净土之殊胜而不往生者,非狂即疑。」诚为肺腑之言,吾等
学佛修道者能不发愿往生焉?
总而言之,吾等学佛修道者欲『了脱生死』,非能一僦即成, 世尊曾开示我们,欲
成佛道,必须经『三大阿僧只劫』,而今人多好说参悟,好说了脱生死,不知在此
土了悟甚难,谓之竖超三界,斯陀含犹一往一来,况凡夫乎?此土众生多是先生西
方,然后了悟,生西方一门,谓之横超三界,万无一失。何以故?盖往生西方极乐
世界,有下列之利益:(1)不会再堕落三恶道;(2)形貌跟佛一样,没有美丑差
别;(3)寿命跟佛一样,无量无边;(4)有宿命通;(5)有天眼通;(6)有天
耳通;(7)有他心通;(8)有神足通;(9)遍供诸佛;(10)远离分别,诸根寂
静;(11)定成正觉,证大涅盘;(12)女身转男;(13)莲花化生;(14)住正
定聚;(15)远离热恼,心得清凉,所受快乐,犹如漏尽比丘;(16)不贪计身;
(17)得金刚那罗延身;(18)身顶皆有光明照耀,成就一切智慧,获得无边辩才;
(19)善说诸法秘要;(20)一生补处;(21)教化随意;(22)衣食自至;(23)
应念受供;(24)证离生法;(25)与诸上善人俱会一处;(26)圆证三不退;
(27)圆净四土。难怪乎历代高僧大德,皆苦口婆心地劝人念佛,求生『西方极乐
世界』,其来有自。愿与诸仁者共勉之!Friday, October 28, 2005
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Diamond Sutra, Thich Nhat Hanh and Hui Neng



moderator
An Eternal Now
Senior Member

-------------------
Originally posted by ecstatix:

I know it is a phrase in the Diamond Sutra, does anyone know where exactly is it located in the Sutra, and further more does anyone have accurate explaination in English of its meaning? If possible please accompany with the histortrical background of it with 6th Patriarch Ven. Hui Neng.
------------------------


Sorry I have missed this part. Thich Nhat Hanh explained:


quote:
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Bodhisattvas should not base their bodhicitta on form, sound, smell, taste, touch, and dharmas. They should base their bodhicitta on non-attachment. "So, Subhuti, all the bodhisattva mahasattvas should give rise to a pure and clear intention in this spirit. When they give rise to this intention they should not rely on forms, sounds, smells, tastes, tactile objects or objects of mind. They should give rise to that intention with their minds not dwelling anywhere."(10) That means that you do not base your bodhicitta on the thinking that is based on form. "So, Subhuti, when a bodhisattva gives rise to the unequalled mind of awakening, he has to give up all ideas. He cannot rely on forms when he gives rise to that mind, nor on sounds, smells, tastes, tactile objects or objects of mind. He can only give rise to that mind that is not caught up in anything."(14) So, the bodhisattva who would like to give rise to bodhicitta should not rely on form, the form of self, person, living being, and life-span.
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The Mind here could refer to our true nature (the Mind that Thusness shared during the Lankavatara Sutra sharing session).

As for background, Hui Neng attained two levels of awakening after listening to this verse from the Diamond Sutra twice. (btw, he has not attained Great Enlightenment when he wrote the pu ti ben wu shu poem). First he glimpsed his Buddha Nature (that is even before meeting the 5th Patriarch), the next time he listened to the verse again (this time it is expounded by the 5th patriarch) he attained the Great Enlightenment and realised that self-nature and manifestation is non dual, and all dharmas are manifestation of Mind/Self-Nature. (regarding this I have created this topic: Bodhi Tree & Bright Mirror (Part 2))

From Bohiruci's link:


quote:
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.....When a young novice passed the rice mill chanting Shenxiu's gatha, Huineng immediately knew this verse lacked true insight. He went to the wall, and asked a district officer there to write a poem of his own for him. The officer was surprised, "How extraordinary! You are illiterate, and you want to compose a poem?" Whereupon Huineng said, "If you seek supreme enlightenment, do not slight anyone. The lowest class may have great insights, and the highest class may commit foolish acts." In veneration, the officer wrote Huineng’s gatha on the wall for him, next to Shenxiu's, which stated:

Bodhi is no tree,
nor is the mind a standing mirror bright.
Since all is originally empty,
where does the dust alight?

Huineng then went back to rice pounding. However, this gatha created a bigger stir; everyone was saying, "Amazing! You can’t judge a person by his looks! Maybe he will become a living bodhisattva soon!" However, when the alarmed Hongren came out, he just casually said, "This hasn’t seen the essential nature either," and proceeded to wipe the gatha off with his shoe.

One night, Hongren received Huineng in his abode, and expounded the Diamond Sutra to him. When he came to the passage, "to use the mind yet be free from any attachment," Huineng came to great enlightenment—that all dharmas are inseparable from the self nature. He exclaimed, "How amazing that the self nature is originally pure! How amazing that the self nature is unborn and undying! How amazing that the self nature is inherently complete! How amazing that the self nature neither moves nor stays! How amazing that all dharmas come from this self nature!"

Hongren told Huineng, "If one recognizes the original mind, the original nature, he is called a great man, teacher of gods and humans, and Buddha." He passed the robe and begging bowl as a symbol of the Dharma Seal of Sudden Enlightenment to Huineng...

修行的真谛(法王顶果钦哲)

修行的真谛(法王顶果钦哲)
心犹如相续的河流,假如你无法运用你的修持来把握它的每个当下修行的本质并没有任何奇特的地方,它的实质就是反复的深入我们的心相续,并且改变它,否则,这个宝贵的人身会被浪费,你用一生的时间追逐自己的念头,执着它所创造的轮回,实际上,就是在梦幻中迷失自己而不自觉。
每天从细微的小处着手,不要奢望神奇的辉煌,看穿这些虚荣的把戏,仔细观察自己的心吧。
即使在今生,你无法彻底转化你的心,你无法在证悟上取得多大的进展,只要你很小心的守护自己的三业,照顾自己的每一个念头,虽然你无法达到甚至是在睡眠中清醒,或是在重病还能控制自己的心,但是只要你努力的修自己每个念头,努力而虔诚的对待自己彻底的内在,而不是做外表的样子,那么,就好象曲吉旺波在《大圆满三要释吉祥王》中所唱的那样:“即使此生不成就,也内心安详真愉快。”为什么呢?从内在的层次,你已经转化了你的心,从而转化了你的生命,安详、慈悲、放下,已经展示出最大的成就。
成就分为外在的,内在的,秘密的,极其秘密的。
就外在的成就层面,先是心智的成就,但是你虽然掌握了伟大的知识,了解了高深的见地,但是很不幸,它们就好象是在衣服上的补丁,终究会要脱落。例如,我们在健康的时候会感到很自在,而且我们拥有佛法的知识,这一切以一种良好的自我感来暗示:似乎我们是不凡的圣哲,但是,当你遇到重病的时候,你浑身火烧而陷入昏迷,仔细看你的心吧,它根本不受到你的控制,种种接近死亡的业相在梦中显示,即使你厌恶他们而不敢堕入昏睡,但昏迷会迅速将你击垮,哪个时候,你的任何才智,学问,都帮助不了你,于是,修行人应该知道,在重病中出现世俗乃至恐怖的持续梦境,这是修行的耻辱,甚至,这是闻思的耻辱,没有投入修行,或是表面的修行,这是镜子上的雾气,维持不了多久。
其次是验修的成就,当喜悦和光明产生,巨大的宁静伴随深沉的陶醉,甚至可以看到各色奇异的景象,并且能预先知道事情的发生,这些体验就好象对山谷大声叫喊一样,你努力的叫喊,它给你很大的回音,但是随即就消失了。假如你努力的修持,各种奇特的经验发生了,但是记住,这世界上的一切都不免无常,假如你想拥有这些体验,永恒的占有它们,那么,你就会经受好似捕捉水中的月亮一样的痛苦,它们根本就是无常,所以从验修的种种幻想中解脱吧,不企图占有它们,平等的看待它们,而不扰乱内在的心相续,哪怕是在广大的平等定见中,一切显现为不实际的五色烟雾或虹光,而能自在的穿越墙壁或是在岩石上按下手印,但将这些视为开悟的标志并产生我慢,这是着魔的开始,并因为我执而流浪轮回。
最后是广大的明智成就,这预示着我们平等的对待生活,安然的安住在广大的心性中,一切都成为庄严的自然解脱,于自心的智慧中,消除了执着和烦恼,慈悲并心胸宽广,生活之中任何的事物都无法搅乱这内在的明智,超越喜悦和悲哀,安然的任运于当下。
经由心的修持,我们经历各个不同的阶段,最终,我们的心成为空与光明的一味,任何恐惧或是希冀,都无法占据我们的心灵,这就是佛陀之道

The Diamond Sutra



THE DIAMOND SUTRA


(translated by A.F.Price)


Section I. The Convocation of the Assembly

Thus have I heard. Upon a time Buddha sojourned in Anathapindika's Park by Shravasti with a great company of bhikshus, even twelve hundred and fifty. One day, at the time for breaking fast, the World-honored One enrobed, and carrying His bowl made His way into the great city of Shravasti to beg for His food. In the midst of the city He begged from door to door according to rule. This done, He returned to His retreat and took His meal. When He had finished He put away His robe and begging bowl, washed His feet, arranged His seat, and sat down.



Section II. Subhuti Makes a Request

Now in the midst of the assembly was the Venerable Subhuti. Forthwith he arose, uncovered his right shoulder, knelt upon his right knee, and, respectfully raising his hands with palms joined, addressed Buddha thus: World-honored One, if good men and good women seek the Consummation of Incomparable Enlightenment, by what criteria should they abide and how should they control their thoughts?

Buddha said: Very good, Subhuti! Just as you say, the Tathagata is ever-mindful of all the Bodhisattvas, protecting and instructing them well. Now listen and take my words to heart: I will declare to you by what criteria good men and good women seeking the Consummation of Incomparable Enlightenment should abide, and how they should control their thoughts.

Said Subhuti: Pray, do, World-honored One. With joyful anticipation we long to hear.


Earth Store Bodhisattva


30 November 9pm - 11pm proper

carried out Skype discussion on Earth Store Bodhisattva


1.Earth Store Bodhisattva stresses on Fillial Piety


2.The Description of hell is a reminder to those who are bent on evil-doing and yet Hell does not exist.It is fabrication of the mind ,from the Mind-only school ,yogacara


3.the 3 path a Bodhisattva take

a.first become Buddha then come back save all sentient beings

b.all sentient beings are liberated then ones become Buddha

c.one liberate all sentient beings and one on the Buddhahood path


Earth Store Bodhisattva take the b. path



the difference between Ullambana and Earth Store Bodhisattva Puja as in Maugadlyana and Earth Store Bodhisattva the importance of knowing why Buddha Sakyamuni entrusted Earth Store Bodhisattva the future Sentient beings before the coming of Buddha Maitreya


the Family Values and The Nobility to accept people of different livelihood good and evil person who calls out His name in the deliverance of sufferings

Living in Gratitude by Venerable Master Chin Kung


Karma and Divinity Dharma talks

Ajahn Brahm Dhamma Talks

26 Jan 06 (Fri) - Karma & Divinity Venue: Kong Meng San Phor Kak See Monastery Memorial Hall Time : 7:45pm Can the Law of Cause and Effort be influenced by "divine" intervention? Do Gods play a part in the outcomes of our lives? What is the best way of living to get what we want in life? What determines our next destination after death? This talk will discuss these thought provoking questions to better understand how we need to take responsibility of our own lives. Ajahn Brahm Dhamma Talks

Akalika :Timelessness of Buddha's Message



Akalika :Timelessness of Buddha's Message
The teachings of the Lord Buddha is perfect in its beginning, perfect in the middle and perfect in its ending, in theory and in practice .
Summarising the essence of all spiritual intelligence from its earliest period , the Buddha taught the threefold training principle of avoiding evil, doing good, and purifying the mind. This principles translates into practice as the Moral Precepts ,Mental Discipline and Cultivation of Wisdom -the practice of Tisikkha (The Threefold training) .This is the doctrine of for all Buddhists everywhere, regardless of their school or order.
Following this principle ,Buddhist from different countries and cultural upbringing share a common way of life. When they meet each other they feel as if they found their long lost friends .The perfect principle expounded by the Lord Buddha reveals the Truth of life- a goal for everyone to pursue.
The present situation of the world makes some people feel that the world of the past is totally different from the present one, and that the future one will be yet again different from today's .

Consequently, they believe that it is necessary for us to adapt to these changing conditions .However, if we understand the true teachings of the Lord Buddha, we will find the answers to our present problems without much difficulty.Problems in the past, present and future have the same nature even though they seem to be different in their characteristics.The roots of problems remain the same, but their manifestations may differ. For example, in the past when people went to the war, they killed their enemies with their swords and spears but not they use guns ,bombs and nuclear missiles.
Aggression of man is still the root problem but the magnitude of the disasters has increased.In contrast,we have the timeless virtues of compassion, generosity, and the right view of the Four Noble Truths.
For these reasons, the role of Buddhism in the present and in the future will not change fundamentally. The scope of propagation may need to be magnified in the future , but this will not change basic Buddhist philosophy and principles.
The Buddhist path is always open for use in society.For lay people, the minimum requirement is the practice of the Five Precepts These practices are unchanging and will always lead ot the cessation of all sufferings,yield peace in the present life and in the next. Hence ,the Lord Buddha's message is timeless - Akalika .The social situations in the future,however, may change the ways in which Buddhist virtues are best applied to help society. Only those who correctly understands the fundamentals of Buddhist virtues together with the their relevance to our world today, will be able to bring any real benefit to mankind in the future.This is the message I would like to impress on you on this vesak day
From The Bhante Desk ,Padipa ,newsletter of the Buddhist Library May 1995
This will be posted on my new blogs ,so do come and view it With Sincerity, Bohiruci
[b]"Only those who correctly understand the fundamentals of Buddhist virtues together with their relevance to our world today, will be able to bring any real benefit to mankind in the future ."[/b]


 

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